Abstract
If fish are to survive and reproduce they must not only acquire adequate food, but must avoid becoming the food of other animals. Many different mechanisms exist among fishes for countering the feeding strategies of their predators. These can be grouped into two main categories, labelled primary and secondary defence mechanisms by Edmunds (1974). Primary mechanisms are those that reduce the probability of a fish being detected, or if detected, of being treated as potential food. They operate whether or not a predator is in the vicinity. Secondary mechanisms are those that reduce the probability of a fish being caught, once an encounter with a predator has begun.
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