Antiplatelet effect by p-cresol, a uremic and environmental toxicant, is related to inhibition of reactive oxygen species, ERK/p38 signaling and thromboxane A2 production

Abstract

P-cresol is a well-known uremic toxin and environmental toxicant that may affect platelet functions. In this study, p-cresol (1–5μM) inhibited the arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation, with 47% and 82% of inhibition at concentrations of 2 and 5μM, respectively. Under similar experimental condition, p-cresol showed little effect on the U46619-induced platelet aggregation. p-cresol (<500μM) revealed no discernable cytotoxicity to platelets as analyzed by quantification of lactate dehydrogenase release. Antiplatelet effect of p-cresol was related to inhibition of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) formation. P-cresol (2–100μM) partly inhibited the AA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and p38 phosphorylation in platelets. P-cresol further inhibited the AA-induced aggregation of rabbit platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with an IC50 of 2μM and aggregation of human PRP (IC50=13.6μM). Intravenous administration of p-cresol (250–1000nmole) into mice effectively suppressed the ex vivo platelet aggregation, whereas showed little effect on the value of RBC, hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, platelets and lymphocyte counts. These results indicate that in acute p-cresol-poisoning and long-term exposure to cresol as in severe uremic patients, p-cresol may potentially inhibit blood clot formation and lead to hemorrhagic disorders via inhibition of platelet aggregation, ROS production, ERK/p38 activation and TXA2 production.