Abstract
Excessive oxidative stress (OS) is a common cause of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and obesity; thus, an anti-oxidative solution is essential for the improvement of human health. Increasing evidence suggests that alkaline reduced water (ARW), especially between pH 9.5–10.0, has antioxidant capacity; however, relatively few studies have reported the effect of weak ARW at pH 8.5 on OS, especially in vitro. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-oxidative efficacy of weak ARW with negative oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and relatively high hydrogen (H2) concentration, as compared to tap water (TW) and ARW at pH 9.5. RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, stimulated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce OS, were used as a control (Con) and then treated with TW and ARW at pH 8.5 (ARW_8.5) and pH 9.5 (ARW_9.5) at different concentrations (0.1%, 1%, and 10% v/v). Results showed that cell viability was significantly restored after treatment with both ARW_8.5 and ARW_9.5 compared to Con/H2O2 and Con/LPS, while TW treatment did not induce significant changes. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), Ca2+, catalase, and glutathione peroxide (GPx) showed significant differences in a concentration-dependent manner in ARW_8.5 and ARW_9.5 groups compared to Con/H2O2 and Con/LPS groups. Likewise, the expression of p-p38, p-JNK, and p-ERK was also significantly reduced in the ARW-treated groups, but not in the TW group. In conclusion, ARW_8.5 exhibited anti-oxidative effects through the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, indicating the health-promoting potential of weak ARW through daily intake.
Highlights
Alkaline reduced water (ARW) is produced by a water-electrolyzed pool at a cathode plate [1]
The viability of cells treated with H2 O2 and LPS was significantly decreased compared to the normal control group
Cells treated with ARW_8.5 showed a similar increase in cell viability as those treated with ARW_9.5, which was not observed in tap water (TW)-treated cells
Summary
Alkaline reduced water (ARW) is produced by a water-electrolyzed pool at a cathode plate [1]. It is known by numerous names such as alkaline ionized water, alkaline electrolyzed water, or electrolyzed reduced water, and it is becoming increasingly popular worldwide, especially in Southeast Asian countries [2,3]. A sedentary adult needs to consume 1.5 L of water each day on an average [4]. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) suggested that the pH of drinking water should be between 6.5 and 8.5 [6]. Previous studies have shown that ARW at pH 9.5 reduces the levels of free radicals, promotes antioxidant levels, prevents reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced
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