Abstract

Astragalus membranaceus (AM) has been used for anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulatory activities. In this study, we confirmed that the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of AM were enhanced after it was fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. The anti-oxidative effect was measured by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical levels, total phenolic contents (TPC), reducing power, and H2O2 levels. AM-LP MG5145 and MG5276 showed higher free radical scavenging activity than AM-NF (51.22%). In addition, AM-LP MG5145 and MG5276 showed higher TPC (49.11 mg GAE/mL), reducing power (OD700 = 0.37), and H2O2 (1.71 µM) than AM-NF. The calycosin contents determined to AM-NF (17.24 ng/mL), AM-LP MG5145 (139.94 ng/mL), and MG5276 (351.01 ng/mL) using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Anti-inflammatory effects were analyzed by investigating the inhibitory effects of fermented AM on cytotoxicity, NO production, and mRNA expression of COX-2, iNOS, NF-κB, and TNF-α in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. AM-LP MG5145 and MG5276 showed no cytotoxicity. AM-LP MG5145 (50.86%) and MG5276 (51.66%) inhibited NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, AM-LP MG5145 and MG5276 downregulated macrophage iNOS, COX2, TNF-α, and NF-κB expression. In conclusion, A. membranaceus fermented by L. plantarum MG5145 and MG5276 can be used in cosmetics and health foods as natural antioxidant compounds.

Highlights

  • Oxidative stress is the most common cause of aging and age-related chronic disease.Radical oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and hydroxyl radicals (OH-) are important factors in oxidative stress due to their unstable structures and are known to cause cell membrane degradation, lipid oxidation, protein denaturation, and DNA damage [1]

  • Anti-inflammatory effects were analyzed by investigating the inhibitory effects of fermented Astragalus membranaceus (AM) on cytotoxicity, nitric oxide (NO)

  • A. membranaceus fermented by L. plantarum MG5145 and MG5276 can be used in cosmetics and health foods as natural antioxidant compounds

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Summary

Introduction

Radical oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and hydroxyl radicals (OH-) are important factors in oxidative stress due to their unstable structures and are known to cause cell membrane degradation, lipid oxidation, protein denaturation, and DNA damage [1]. IκB kinase (IKK) to express the nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2. A damaged tissue activates various factors of the immune system to release inflammatory mediators, including cytokines like. NF-κB activates major factors of oxidation and inflammation, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, COX-2, iNOS, and nitric oxide (NO) [4]. Prolonged inflammation by these factors can damage normal tissues and develop into chronic inflammation, leading to organ dysfunction syndrome [5,6]

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