Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), a hair loss disorder, is a genetic predisposition to sensitive androgens, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Unfortunately, current treatments with synthetic medicines contain a restricted mechanism along with side effects, whereas the bioactive constituents of plant extracts are multifunctional, with fewer side effects. The massive amounts of rice husk and bran are agricultural wastes that may cause pollution and environmental problems. Owing to these rationales, the local rice variety, Bue Bang 3 CMU (BB3CMU), which is grown in northern Thailand, was evaluated for the valuable utilization of rice by-products, husk (BB3CMU-H) and bran (BB3CMU-RB) extracts, for AGA treatment regarding antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-androgenic activities, and the characterization of bioactive compounds. Our study verified that BB3CMU-H had the highest level of polyphenols, contributing to its greater antioxidant activity. Conversely, BB3CMU-RB was the predominant source of tocopherols, resulting in better anti-androgenic activities regarding the downregulation of steroid 5α-reductase genes (SRD5A). Notably, anti-inflammation via the attenuation of nitric oxide productions was observed in BB3CMU-H (0.06 ± 0.13 μM) and BB3CMU-RB (0.13 ± 0.01 μM), which were significantly comparable to diclofenac sodium salt (0.13 ± 0.19 μM). Therefore, the combination of BB3CMU-H and BB3CMU-RB could be utilized in cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical applications for AGA patients.
Highlights
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), known as heritable hair loss, is a chronic progressive condition that can affect both men’s and women’s personalities [1]
This study suggested that the synergistic action of phenolic compounds in rice bran extracts, including caffeic acid, ethyl vanillate, ferulic acid, feruloyl glycoside, p-coumaric acid, shikimic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, tricin, and vanillic acid, contributed to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities [30]
Anthrone; 2,20 -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS); 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); bovine serum albumin; caffeic acid; catechin; chlorogenic acid; o-coumaric acid; p-coumaric acid; diclofenac sodium; epicatechin; (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG); ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); ferrozine; ferrous chloride; ferulic acid; Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent; gallic acid; p-hydroxybenzoic acid; kaempferol; lipopolysaccharide (LPS); naringenin; naringin; phytic acid; quercetin; rosmarinic acid; rutin; sulforhodamine B (SRB); trolox; α, β, γ, and δ-tocopherols were from Sigma Chemical
Summary
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), known as heritable hair loss, is a chronic progressive condition that can affect both men’s and women’s personalities [1]. AGA is baldness caused by the gradual miniaturization of genetically predisposed hair follicles, which are the target of androgen mediated by dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Testosterone is reduced to DHT, a potent androgen, by cytoplasmic 5α-reductase enzymes. DHT possesses a greater affinity towards androgen receptors compared to testosterone [2], leading to a gradual replacement of terminal hair with vellus hair and, hair shedding [3]. In AGA-prone hair follicles, the accumulation of DHT promotes the miniaturization process [1]. There are several androgen-inducible negative mediators, including transforming growth factor -β (TGF-β), dickkopf-1, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) [2,4], which may affect biological activities in hair follicles [4]
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