Abstract
Oxidative stress has been proposed to play a critical role in age-related cognitive impairment as well as in a number of age-related neurodegenerative disorders. As a result, numerous attempts have tried to use antioxidants to alleviate both types of debilitative conditions. While positive effects of a variety of antioxidant treatments have been found in experimental animals and models of human neurodegenerative disorders, carefully controlled human studies have in general found minimum if any effect of the majority of antioxidants tested. This chapter reviews some of these studies on both age-related cognitive impairment and age-related neurodegenerative conditions. It also discusses potential reasons for the failures of the small antioxidant molecules to alleviate both oxidative stress and functional consequences in humans. Finally, it proposes the hypothesis that small catalytic scavengers of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species might provide significant protection against the deleterious effects of oxidative stress in humans.
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