Abstract
Oxidative stress is an important mechanism underlying cellular damage of the inner ear, resulting in hearing loss. In order to prevent hearing loss, several types of antioxidants have been investigated; several experiments have shown their ability to effectively prevent noise-induced hearing loss, age-related hearing loss, and ototoxicity in animal models. Exogenous antioxidants has been used as single therapeutic agents or in combination. Antioxidant therapy is generally administered before the production of reactive oxygen species. However, post-exposure treatment could also be effective. Preconditioning refers to the phenomenon of pre-inducing a preventative pathway by subtle stimuli that do not cause permanent damage in the inner ear. This renders the inner ear more resistant to actual stimuli that cause permanent hearing damage. The preconditioning mechanism is also related to the induction of antioxidant enzymes. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms underlying antioxidant-associated therapeutic effects and preconditioning in the inner ear.
Highlights
In addition to hearing, distinguishing sounds is a key function of the inner ear
The major mechanisms of inner ear damage induced by noise are physical damage [4], decreased blood flow and hypoxia [5,6,7], glutamate-associated excitotoxicity of the inner hair cell synaptic area [8], and tissue damage caused by free radicals [9,10]
These results show that noise exposure can trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which is related to internal tissue damage
Summary
In addition to hearing, distinguishing sounds is a key function of the inner ear. The inner ear may sometimes be slowly damaged from birth. Typical damage of the normal function of the inner ear is caused by noise exposure, ototoxic drugs, aging, and autoimmune damage; sometimes, sudden loss of inner ear function may be caused by unknown reasons. The incidence of impaired hearing is currently increasing [1]. Hearing loss among adolescents is increasing, which represents a possible burden for future societies [2]. Among adolescents, hearing loss affects both hearing itself and the central auditory processing involved in recognizing and reacting to sounds, interfering with their social life [3]
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