Antioxidant Status in the Vitreous of Eyes with Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment with and without Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy, Macular Hole and Epiretinal Membrane.

Agata Pietras-Baczewska,Małgorzata Sztanke,Krzysztof Sztanke,Wojciech Załuska,Agnieszka Brzozowska,Katarzyna Nowomiejska,Mario Damiano Toro,Robert Rejdak

doi:10.3390/life11050453

Abstract

(1) Background: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the antioxidant status in the vitreous body of eyes, which had been vitrectomized due to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with or without proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), is higher than in eyes vitrectomized due to other retinal diseases. (2) Methods: four patient groups were analyzed: 22 eyes of patients with RRD without PVR, 27 eyes with RRD and PVR, 22 eyes with macular hole (MH) and 10 eyes with epiretinal membrane (ERM). Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the total antioxidant status (TAS) values as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in the vitreous fluid samples. (3) Results: no significant differences in TAS values and antioxidant enzyme activities were observed among patient with RRD with and without PVR and with MH and ERM. The longer the duration of RRD leading to PVR and better postoperative visual acuity, the higher the TAS level. No significant differences were found between “macula on” and “macula off” subgroups within the RRD group and the RRD combined with PVR group. (4) Conclusions: The preliminary results do not support the thesis that the antioxidant status of vitrectomized eyes is different in patients with RRD with or without PVR in comparison to patients with MH and ERM. In patients with RRD, PVR presence and detached macula do not affect the values of TAS, SOD and GR in the vitreous fluid. The duration of the disease influences TAS in the vitreous in eyes with RRD complicated with PVR.

Highlights

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of retinal cellular damages in many retinal diseases [1], such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) [2], age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [3] and retinitis pigmentosa [4]
The aim of the study was to assess the antioxidant status, on the basis of total antioxidant status (TAS) values and antioxidant enzyme—superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR)—activities, in the vitreous fluid of patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), macular hole (MH) and epiretinal membrane (ERM), to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress is increased in RRD, with concomitant proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR)
The analysis showed that the disease duration was significantly longer in the ERM with MH groups, compared to RRD and RRD combined with the PVR group (p = 0.0001), (Table 5.)

Summary

Introduction

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of retinal cellular damages in many retinal diseases [1], such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) [2], age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [3] and retinitis pigmentosa [4]. Oxidative stress itself is caused by the imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidative defense system of the tissues. Reactive oxygen derivatives, such as superoxide anion radicals (O2−·, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH), peroxyl radical and singlet oxygen (1O2), are the most common radicals in the organisms. RRD can be described as the separation of the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), secondary to subretinal fluid accumulation between these retinal layers. The current literature suggests that PVR is an abnormal wound healing response, associated with the intravitreal dispersion of retinal pigment epithelial cells or the breakdown of the blood–ocular barrier [12,13]

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