Antioxidant Properties of Cocoa Beans (Theobroma cacao L.): Influence of Cultivar and Roasting Conditions

Abstract

Effects of various roasting conditions on antioxidant properties of five Theobroma cacao L. varieties were investigated. The cocoa beans were roasted at four different temperatures (110–150°C) and three different air humidities (0.3–5.0%). The raw cocoa beans were characterized by high antioxidant activities. The antioxidant properties of the roasted cocoa beans varied markedly among the analyzed cultivars and geographical regions and were affected by roasting conditions. Generally, cocoa beans of the cv. Forastero from Brazil exhibited higher total phenolic content, free radical scavenging activity, and metal chelating ability than samples of the other analyzed cocoa varieties. Roasting at 110°C caused negligible changes in total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of cocoa beans, while almost all samples tended to have lower antioxidant potential when roasting temperature increased. The air humidity used in roasting did not affect the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity for lowest roasting temperature (110°C). Moreover, the obtained results revealed that thermal processing at the higher temperatures and elevated air humidity resulted in the higher antioxidant capacities. It was also found that the ferrous ion chelating activity of cocoa beans increased with the roasting temperature (in the range from 110 to 150°C), with the exception of cv. Trinitario from Papua New Guinea. The data showed that roasting at lower temperatures with humid air are more favorable in terms of preserving the bioactivity of roasted cocoa beans.