Abstract
We report a novel zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle with antioxidant properties, prepared by immobilizing the antioxidant 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid (caffeic acid, CA) on the surfaces of micro-dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma-treated ZnO nanoparticles. The microstructure and physical properties of ZnO@CA nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectroscopy, and steady state spectroscopic methods. The antioxidant activity of ZnO@CA nanoparticles was evaluated using an ABTS (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization assay. ZnO@CA nanoparticles exhibited robust antioxidant activity. Moreover, ZnO@CA nanoparticles showed strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) including resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus and against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Although Gram-negative bacteria appeared to be more resistant to ZnO@CA nanoparticles than Gram-positive bacteria, the antibacterial activity of ZnO@CA nanoparticles was dependent on particle concentration. The antioxidant and antibacterial activity of ZnO@CA may be useful for various biomedical and nanoindustrial applications.
Highlights
Antioxidants inhibit the oxidation process in biological systems and the environment by acting as free radical scavengers, reactive oxygen scavengers, or reducing agents [1,2]
The results described above suggest that the zinc oxide (ZnO)@Caffeic acid (CA) nanoparticles exhibit potenOt vaenrtaiollx, itdhaenrtesauclttisvidtyescbruibteadlsaobocvoemspulgegteelsyt tihnahtibthite tZhneOg@rCowAthnaonfopGarratimcl-epsonsoittivoenlbyaecxtehriibai,t ppaortteicnutlaarnlytioMxiRdSaAnt, wacitthivihtyighbusteleaclstiovitcyo,mapltlheoteulyghi,nthhiebiZt nthOe@CgrAowntahnoopfarGitrcalems-pnoeseidtivtoe cboancftierrmia, tphaerirticbuiloacrolymMpaRtiSbAil,itwyitihn hvigithrosealnecdtivinityv, iavlothoaungdht,htheefZunncOti@oCnaAlitnyanaolspoarhitacvlees ntoeebdetotecsotendfiromn ththeeir pbaitohcoogmenpiactibbailcitteyriiunmviitnrovaivnodiinntvhievofuatunrde.the functionality have to be tested on the pathogenic bacterium in vivo in the future
Different concentrations of ZnO@CA nanoparticles were added to diluted ABTS+ solutions for 30 min at 37 ◦C in the dark, after which the absorbance of the solution at a wavelength of 734 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer
Summary
Antioxidants inhibit the oxidation process in biological systems and the environment by acting as free radical scavengers, reactive oxygen scavengers, or reducing agents [1,2]. A number of studies have investigated the antioxidant activities of synthetic as well as natural antioxidants [3,4,5]. CA is a natural phenolic acid widely found in plants and at high levels in some herbs, spices, and sunflower seeds. It is one of the major natural phenols in argan oil. Biological, and food industries, natural antioxidants have been introduced into substrate materials to prevent or reduce oxidation in situations where free antioxidants cannot be used, such as under ambient O2, volatilization, and thermal instability [9,10,11].
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