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Abstract
The indigenous purplish red fruit, Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala (CN), is grown in northern Thailand. The aqueous extract of CN pulp is known to exhibit antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. To search for an antioxidant fraction separated from CN, various hydroalcoholic extractions were performed. The acidified ethanolic extract of CN obtained from 0.5% (v/v) citric acid in 80% (v/v) ethanol yielded greater polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity when compared with other hydroethanolic extracts. Cyanidin-3-glucoside is a major anthocyanin present in the acidified ethanolic extract of CN (AECN). At a dose of 5000 mg/kg bw, an anthocyanin-rich extract was found to be safe when given to rats without any acute toxicity. To examine the hepatoprotective properties of AECN, an overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) was induced in a rat model, while silymarin was used as a standard reference. The administration of AECN at a dose of 300 mg/kg bw for 28 days improved hepatocyte architecture and modulated serum alanine aminotransferase levels in APAP-induced rats. Furthermore, it significantly decreased serum and hepatic malondialdehyde levels but increased hepatic glutathione content, as well as glutathione peroxidase and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities. In conclusion, AECN may effectively reduce oxidative stress induced acute hepatotoxicity in overdose APAP-treated rats through the suppression of oxidative stress and the enhancement of the antioxidant system in rat livers.
Highlights
Antioxidants are natural or synthetic compounds that help delay or prevent freeradical-induced biomolecule and cell damage
The results indicated that the contents of total phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanin compounds of the acidified ethanol extract (0.5% (v/v) citric acid in 80% ethanol) were greater than those of the ethanol extracts
The present study has shown that the acidified ethanolic extract of C. nervosum pulp (AECN) contains high amounts of polyphenols that exhibit a hepatoprotective effect on overdose APAP-treated rats
Summary
Antioxidants are natural or synthetic compounds that help delay or prevent freeradical-induced biomolecule and cell damage. Antioxidants can be divided into the following two categories: enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants [1] The former category includes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), while the latter is comprised of phytochemicals, such as βcarotene, lycopene, flavonoids, and vitamins, and certain metabolic molecules such as glutathione (GSH), coenzyme Q10, and bilirubin [1,2]. Antioxidants prevent oxidative stress via the neutralization of reactive radical species including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). These are the key molecules underlying a number of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases [2,3]. The imbalance between antioxidant and free radical generation systems can lead to the accumulation of defective macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, along with the alteration of enzymatic activity, cellular signaling, vital protein functions, and oxidative stress [2,3]
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