Abstract
The productivity of plants is a direct variant of the countless biotic and abiotic stresses to which a plant is exposed in an environment. This study aimed to investigate the capabilities of leguminous plant garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) to resist water deficit conditions in arid and semi-arid areas when applied with varied doses of sludge for growth response. The effect of sludge doses was evaluated on crop yield, antioxidant enzymes, viz., ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR), and metabolites (ascorbic acid, glutathione, and total protein content). The effective sludge concentrations with respect to seed weight and crop yield were found to be in the following trend: D2 (6.25%)>D3 (12.5%)>D1 (2.5%)>D0 (control) under organic amendment (OA). Conversely, a high dose of the sludge reduced the seed weight and total crop yield. The sludge doses D2 under arid and semi-arid conditions along with organic amendments (OA) significantly enhance the antioxidant enzyme activity, whereas sludge dose D3 with OA ominously regulates the activity of these enzymes. Besides, seeds depicted a considerable increase in ascorbic acid, glutathione, and total protein content in arid and semi-arid conditions upon the application of sludge with OA. Sewage sludge as a source of nutrients indirectly enhances crop yield, antioxidant enzymes, and antioxidant metabolites. Thus, it improves the defense mechanism, reduces abnormal protein glycation, and depletes the susceptibility of protein to proteolysis.
Highlights
Most of the plants are prone to adapt to biotic and abiotic stresses, causing prominent variation in their productivity
This study aimed to investigate the capabilities of leguminous plant garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) to resist water deficit conditions in arid and semi-arid areas when applied with varied doses of sludge for growth response
The effect of sludge doses was evaluated on crop yield, antioxidant enzymes viz., ascorbate peroxidase Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and metabolites
Summary
Most of the plants are prone to adapt to biotic and abiotic stresses, causing prominent variation in their productivity. These plants modify their internal and external factors to cope up with environmental stresses (Rouached et al, 2015). Their adaptive strategies determine their stress tolerance capability (Costa et al, 2011), and survival in these conditions (Kramer and Boyer, 1995). Plants enhance the production of antioxidants to neutralize the oxidative stress effects within the cells (Lawson and Smith, 2002; Meyer and Hell, 2005; Colville and Kranner, 2010; Delfini et al, 2010)
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