Abstract
It is of interest to document the effect of Emblica officinalis (E. officinalis) and Zingiber officinalae (Z. officinalae) leaf extract on reactive oxygen species, antioxidant potential changes in arsenic and lead-induced toxicity in male rats. We used 8 groups of adult male Wistar rats with 1 control group for this study. The animals were divided into Group I: Control and Group II: Lead and sodium arsenite induced rats (animals were induced for metal toxicity by the combined administration of arsenic (13.8 mg/kg body weight) and lead (116.4 mg/kg body weight). These doses were administered by gastric intubation during 14 consecutive days using known standard procedures. Arsenic and lead induced rats treated with ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis (60 mg/kg body weight/day, orally for 45 days) are group III rats.Group IV animals are arsenic and lead induced rats treated orally with ethanolic extracts of E. officinalis (120 mg/kg body weight/day for 45 days). Group V animals are arsenic and lead induced rats treated orally with ethanolic extracts of Z. officinalae (60 mg/kg body weight/day for 45 days). Group VI animals are arsenic and lead induced rats orally treated with ethanolic extracts of Zingiber officinalis (120 mg/kg body weight/day for 45 days). Group VII animals are arsenic and lead induced rats treated orally with ethanolic extracts of E. officinalis and Z. officinalae (60 + 60 mg/kg body weight/day for 45 days). Group VIII animals are arsenic and lead induced rats treated orally with ethanolic extracts of E. officinalis and Z. officinalae (120 + 120 mg/kg body weight/day, orally for 45 days). Normal Control animals were treated orally with ethanolic extracts of E. officinalis (120mg/kg body weight) + Z. officinalae (120mg/kg body weight) for 45 days. The control and experimental animals were then subjected to analysis for oxidative stress markers such as H2O2, *OH, and lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant enzymes in addition to liver and kidney function markers. Results: Arsenic and lead induced rats showed a significant increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species (H2O2, OH* and LPO) with concomitant alterations in the renal and liver tissues. However, enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidant levels were decreased. Nevertheless, an oral effective dose of E. officinalis and Z. officinalae (120 + 120 mg/kg body weight/day increased the antioxidant enzymes and retrieved the altered levels of ROS and LPO that were induced by arsenic and lead. Thus, we show that E. officinalis and Z. officinalae leaf extract exhibits nephroprotective and hepatoprotective role through the restoration of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in the kidney and liver tissue of Arsenic and Lead-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. Hence, E. officinalis and Z. officinalae leaf extract are potential therapeutic options for the treatment of metal toxicity-induced kidney and liver diseases.
Highlights
Metals are found naturally in the environment and their compositions vary among different localities, resulting in spatial variations of surrounding concentrations
Treatment with extract of Emblica offcinalis and Zingiber officinalis at the doses of 60mg/kg body weight did not show any effective reduction on the elevated levels of kidney markers and could not increase the body weight of the animal to that of control groups whereas Combined treatment with extract of Emblica offcinalis and Zingiber officinalis120 mg/kg body weight dose significantly normalized the kidney function markers and improved the body weight which altered by Arsenic and Lead induction
Control rats treated with Emblica officinalis and Zingiber officinalis extract did not showed any significant change showing the effective dose of leaf extract does not have any toxicity
Summary
Metals are found naturally in the environment and their compositions vary among different localities, resulting in spatial variations of surrounding concentrations. Distribution of these heavy metals in the atmosphere is affected by various environmental factors [1]. Various routes of arsenic and lead exposure include soil erosion, natural weathering of the earth’s crust, mining, industrial effluents, urban runoff, sewage discharge, insect or disease control agents applied to crops, and many others [3]. Therapeutic effects of E.officinalis and Z. officinalae on metal-toxicity on multiple organ damage have not been report. It is of interest to document the effect of E. officinalis and Z. officinalae in arsenite and lead-induced toxicity in male albino rats
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