Antioxidant Effects of Anthocyanin-Rich Riceberry™ Rice Flour Prepared Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Technology on Iron-Induced Oxidative Stress in Mice.

Pimpisid Koonyosying,Natwalinkhol Settapramote,Somdet Srichairatanakool,Niramon Utama-Ang,Kornvipa Settakorn,Touchwin Petiwathayakorn,Saovaros Svasti

doi:10.3390/molecules26164978

Abstract

Redox-active iron generates reactive oxygen species that can cause oxidative organ dysfunction. Thus, the anti-oxidative systems in the body and certain dietary antioxidants, such as anthocyanins, are needed to control oxidative stress. We aimed to investigate the effects of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma technology in the preparation of Riceberry™ rice flour (PRBF) on iron-induced oxidative stress in mice. PRBF using plasma technology was rich in anthocyanins, mainly cyanidine-3-glucoside and peonidine-3-glucoside. PRBF (5 mg AE/mg) lowered WBC numbers in iron dextran (FeDex)-loaded mice and served as evidence of the reversal of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity, plasma total antioxidant capacity, and plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in the loading mice. Consequently, the PRBF treatment was observed to be more effective than NAC treatment. PRBF would be a powerful supplementary and therapeutic antioxidant product that is understood to be more potent than NAC in ameliorating the effects of iron-induced oxidative stress.

Highlights

In mammalian cells, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation produces adenosine triphosphate as a high-energy compound [1], along with the superoxide radical (O2−) as a by-product
We found that FeDex loading (10 mg each) significantly increased white blood cell (WBC) numbers in C57BL/6 mice, indicating an iron-induced inflammatory condition; ACNs-rich preparation of RiceberryTM rice flour (PRBF) treatment lowered the increase in WBC numbers but did not influence other blood cell populations
All organic solvents used in this study were of the highest pure grade or HPLC grade. 2,2 -Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), butyrated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), cyanidine-3-glucoside (C3G), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), iron dextran (FeDx), N-acetylcystein (NAC), peonidin-3-glucoside (P3G), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane (TMP), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 6hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) and 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazoliumand monosodium salt (WST-1) were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals

Summary

Introduction

Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation produces adenosine triphosphate as a high-energy compound [1], along with the superoxide radical (O2−) as a by-product. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are capable of destroying biomolecules leading to oxidative cell damage [2,3]. An excess of antioxidants may be detrimental and lead to a condition known as prooxidant. In this case, the body produces certain anti-oxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), along with nucleophilic substrates such as glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin and a reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), all of which are needed to balance the levels of harmful free radicals [3,4]. Dietary antioxidants present in fruits and vegetables play important roles in disease prevention, radical scavenging and oxidative activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 in the signaling pathway [22]

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