Abstract
The study aimed at analyzing the metabolite profile of Nardostachys jatamansi using RP-HPLC, GC-MS and also its antioxidant, biomolecule protective and cytoprotective properties. The 70% ethanolic extract of Nardostachys jatamansi (NJE) showed the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids (gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, homovanillin, epicatechin, rutin hydrate and quercetin-3-rhamnoside) analyzed by RP-HPLC, whereas hexane extract revealed an array of metabolites (fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, alkane hydrocarbons and esters) by GC-MS analysis. The antioxidant assays showed the enhanced potency of NJE with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 222.22 ± 7.4 μg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 13.90 ± 0.5 μg/mL for 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 113.81 ± 4.2 μg/mL for superoxide, 948 ± 21.1 μg/mL for metal chelating and 12.3 ± 0.43 mg FeSO4 equivalent/g of extract for ferric reducing antioxidant power assays and was more potent than hexane extract. NJE effectively inhibited 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidation of biomolecules analyzed by pBR322 plasmid DNA damage, protein oxidation of bovine serum albumin and lipid peroxidation assays. The observed effects might be due to the high content of polyphenols, 53.06 ± 2.2 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, and flavonoids, 25.303 ± 0.9 mg catechin equivalents/g, of NJE compared to the hexane fraction. Additionally, the extract abrogated the protein, carbonyl, and ROS formation, and NJE showed cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells above 75 μg/mL. Thus, the study suggests that the herb unequivocally is a potential source of antioxidants and could aid in alleviating oxidative stress-mediated disorders.
Highlights
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprise free radicals, such as superoxide anion (O2−) and hydroxyl (HO·) radicals, and non-free radical species, such as H2O2 and singlet oxygen (1O2), and these comprise different forms of activated oxygen [1,2,3]
Excessive production of free radicals/ROS leads to oxidation of biomolecules, and this has been implicated in the etiology of several human diseases, such as atherosclerosis, ischemia reperfusion injury, ageing and liver-related diseases [5,6]
The results demonstrated that the plant extract showed 50% protection against BSA
Summary
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprise free radicals, such as superoxide anion (O2−) and hydroxyl (HO·) radicals, and non-free radical species, such as H2O2 and singlet oxygen (1O2), and these comprise different forms of activated oxygen [1,2,3]. Excessive production of free radicals/ROS leads to oxidation of biomolecules, and this has been implicated in the etiology of several human diseases, such as atherosclerosis, ischemia reperfusion injury, ageing and liver-related diseases [5,6]. To protect the cells and organ systems of the body from free radicals/ROS, the human body has evolved a highly sophisticated and complex antioxidant protection system. Antioxidants are capable of stabilizing, or deactivating, free radicals before they damage cells. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, etc., that catalyze free radical quenching reactions. Dietary antioxidants, like ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E), carotenoids and other low molecular weight compounds, such as glutathione and lipoic acid, aid in stabilizing free radicals [7]
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