Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-reprotoxic effects of kaempferol and vitamin E on lead acetate-induced testicular toxicity in male rats.

Abstract

The heavy metals cause repro-toxicity via oxidative stress and suppress the antioxidant enzymes. Kaempferol and vitamin E possess antioxidant properties that can counteract the deleterious heavy metals effects. The present study was directed to investigate the protective role of kaempferol, alone or with vitamin E, on testicular toxicity mediated by lead acetate in male rats. Fifty adult male rats were randomly grouped into five groups (n = 10): the control group received 5 ml distilled water, and the Pb group was intraperitoneally injected with 20 mg/kg of lead acetate. The Pb + Vitamin E group received Pb with 100 mg/kg of vitamin E, the Pb + KAF group received Pb with 50 mg/kg of kaempferol, the Pb + KAF + Vitamin E group received Pb with kaempferol and vitamin E for 6 weeks. The testicular levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, steroidogenic enzyme, serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, interleukin (IL)-10, and sperm function were significantly decreased in the Pb group compared with all experimental groups. These parameters were significantly elevated in the Pb + KAF + Vitamin E group compared to other experimental groups. Lead acetate caused elevation in testicular malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, IL-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor kappa, and sperm abnormality compared to all treatment groups. All these parameters were significantly declined in the Pb + KAF + Vitamin E group and Pb + KAF group compared with the Pb group. The fold changes of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone beta, gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, and luteinizing hormone beta, and testicular CYP11A1, LH receptor, and FHr gene expression were significantly upregulated in Pb + KAF + Vitamin E group compared with all experimental groups. In addition, KAF + Vitamin E has the potential to improve testicular regeneration in seminiferous tubules, Leydig, and Sertoli cells. Administration of kaempferol alone or with vitamin E can mitigate lead acetate-induced testicular toxicity in rats via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The current research is the first to demonstrate that kaempferol can exert a preventive role in testicular dysfunction.