Abstract
Camellia tenuifloria is an indigenous Camellia species used for the production of camellia oil in Taiwan. This study investigated for the first time the potential antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-inflammatory activities of oil production byproducts, specifically those of the fruit shell, seed shell, and seed pomace from C. tenuifloria. It was found that the crude ethanol extract of the seed shell had the strongest DPPH scavenging and mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activities, followed by the fruit shell, while seed pomace was the weakest. The IC50 values of crude extracts and fractions on monophenolase were smaller than diphenolase. The phenolic-rich methanol fraction of seed shell (SM) reduced nitric oxide (NO) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. It also repressed the expression of IL-1β, and secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and IL-6 in response to LPS. SM strongly stimulated heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression and addition of zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), a HO-1 competitive inhibitor, reversed the inhibition of NO production, indicating the involvement of HO-1 in its anti-inflammatory activity. The effects observed in this study provide evidence for the reuse of residues from C. tenuifloria in the food additive, medicine and cosmetic industries.
Highlights
The genus Camellia, which includes about 100–250 species of East Asian evergreen shrubs and trees, belongs to the tea family (Theaceae) [1,2]
DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl) scavenging activity and the total phenolic contents of crude ethanol extracts and different fractions, namely n-hexane, methanol, n-butanol and aqueous fractions, from the fruit shell, seed shell, and seed pomace of C. tenuifloria were determined as described in Materials and Methods
We investigated the existence of tyrosinase inhibitors in the biowaste of C. tenuifloria by testing 0.1 mg/mL of ethanol extracts of fruit shell (FE), seed shell (SE), and seed pomace (PE) against monophenolase activity of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) tyrosinase because its commercial availability and well-studied biochemical kinetic characterization [23,31]
Summary
The genus Camellia, which includes about 100–250 species of East Asian evergreen shrubs and trees, belongs to the tea family (Theaceae) [1,2]. The fruit shell, seed shell, and seed pomace of Camellia are byproducts of oil production and are always discarded or used as fertilizer Bioactive phytochemicals, such as saponins, flavonoid glycosides, and polysaccharides, are reported in the seed pomace or shell of C. oleifera, in addition to triglycerides [6,7,8,9,10,11], and anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects have been disclosed for these substances [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. There is only one report regarding the antioxidant and anti-aging activities of C. tenuifolia seed pomace [15], while the other potential biological properties of the residues of C. tenuifolia remain to be further examined
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