Abstract
Dichloromethane:methanol (1:1, v/v) extracts of different maturity stages (immature, partly mature, and mature) of authenticated leaves of Ceylon cinnamon (CC) were used in this study. Antioxidant properties [total polyphenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS)), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)] and glycemic regulatory properties [antiamylase (AA); antiglucosidase (AG)] were evaluated using 96-well microplate based bio assays in vitro (TPC, TFC, DPPH, ABTS, ORAC n=4 each; FRAP, AA, AG n=3 each). Results clearly revealed significant differences (p<0.05) among different maturity stages of leaf of CC for both antioxidant and glycemic regulatory properties (except AG activity). The mean antioxidant and glycemic regulatory activities of immature, partly mature, and mature leaves ranged from TPC: 0.68 ± 0.02–22.35 ± 0.21 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of sample (GS); TFC: 0.85 ± 0.01–4.68 ± 0.06 mg quercetin equivalents/GS; DPPH: 0.42 ± 0.01–27.09 ± 0.65 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/GS; ABTS: 3.57 ± 0.10–43.91 ± 1.46 TE/GS; ORAC: 0.71 ± 0.01–18.70 ± 0.26 TE/G, FRAP: 0.31 ± 0.02–69.16 ± 0.52 TE/GS; and AA: 18.05 ± 0.24–36.62 ± 4.00% inhibition at 2.5 mg/mL. Mature leaf had the highest antioxidant and AA activities for all the assays investigated. In contrast, immature leaf had the lowest. The order of potency for antioxidant and AA activities was mature leaf > partly mature leaf > immature leaf. This is the first study to report on antioxidant and glycemic regulatory properties of different maturity stages of leaf of Ceylon cinnamon and highlights its potential use in management of oxidative stress-associated chronic diseases including diabetes mellitus.
Highlights
Free radicals, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species in human body are derived from either various metabolic processes or to exposure of different physiochemical conditions [1]
Current antidiabetic drugs and insulin regimes are very effective in managing diabetes mellitus still there is no permanent cure for this disease [6]
Search of novel drug leads/functional foods from natural sources preferably from medicinal plants with no/minimum side effects is timely important. As such alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitors are key targets since these two enzymes play a key role in digestion of carbohydrates [7] and several research findings too highlighted that antioxidants such as polyphenolics involve in inhibition of alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes [8,9,10,11]
Summary
Reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species in human body are derived from either various metabolic processes or to exposure of different physiochemical conditions [1] Both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms play a vital role to counterbalance the effect of free radicals/oxidants. Search of novel drug leads/functional foods from natural sources preferably from medicinal plants with no/minimum side effects is timely important As such alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitors are key targets since these two enzymes play a key role in digestion of carbohydrates [7] and several research findings too highlighted that antioxidants such as polyphenolics involve in inhibition of alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes [8,9,10,11]. Management of oxidative stress via antioxidant therapy has shown beneficial effects in management of oxidative stress-associated pathologies in diabetes patients [17]
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