Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Ferulago trojana E. Akalın & Pimenov

Objective:Dracocephalum kotschyi (Lamiaceae family) has been used in traditional medicine for stomach and liver disorders, headache and congestion. In the present study, we have investigated phytochemical properties and antioxidant activities of dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of D.kotschyi. Material and Methods:Antioxidant activities of extracts were evaluated using the integration of HPLC-DPPH and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. In addition, the luteolincontent was determined using HPLC method. Results:The highest antioxidant activity was observed for the methanol extract (among the three tested extracts) showing 50% DPPH scavenging activity at 4.85µg/ml as compared to butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid (3.00 µg/ml, 0.97 µg/ml). Also, luteolin was detected in methanol extract; it was identified by comparing its retention time and DAD spectra with standard and it was one of antioxidant components of this plant. In addition, the antioxidant activity of methanol extract was higher than BHT, in FRAP assay. Total phenolic content was in the range of 11.62-22.29 mg Gallic acid /gram of dry extract and flavonoid content was in the range of 3.97-5.042 mg Quercetin/ gram of extract for dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. The quantity of luteolin in D.kotschyiwas found to be 1061.005 µg/g of dried plant. Conclusion:The results of this investigation indicated that luteolin plays major role in the antioxidant activity of the plant.

Phytochemical screening and determination of antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of leaf of Stellaria media, Cajanus cajan and root of Tetracera potatoria were conducted. Phytoconstituents screened for included alkaloid, saponins, tannins, phlobatannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides. Free radicals scavenging capacity of the extract of the three plants were assessed in vitro by 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, while inhibition of free radicals generation was assessed by ability of the extracts to inhibit lipid peroxides formation. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were dose dependent. The highest percentage inhibition of DPPH by T. potatoria, S. media and C. cajan was 82, 76 and 57%, respectively, as against 76% for ascorbic acid. Percentage ferric ions reduction in FRAP assay was 104, 79 and 26% for T. potatoria, S. media and C. cajan as against 100% for Gallic acid, the standard compound. The standard drugs however appeared more potent than the crude extracts because the bioactive compounds have not been isolated or purified. Lipid peroxidation assay showed that T. potatoria inhibited lipid peroxides formation by 54%. It was concluded that the abundance of flavonoids, tannins and phlobatannins in the three plants account for their high antioxidant activities which probably explains their ethnomedical applications against inflammatory conditions. It is believed that isolation of the specific bioactive principles will serve to improve the free radicals scavenging potency of the compounds. Key words: Free radicals, phytoconstituents, Stellaria media, Cajanus cajan, Tetracera potatoria, extracts.

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of flowers of Nerium oleander against CCl4–induced liver injury in rats

Effect of culture pH on the antioxidant properties of Antrodia camphorata in submerged culture

Urochloa ramosa is a plant of the wet, seasonally dry and semi-arid tropics. It is also known as Bracharia ramosa or Brown top millet. Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals in methanol extracts were performed by standard methods. Partially purified phenolics from the methanol extract of leaf sample was subjected for different biological activities. In vitro antimicrobial activity was executed on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Proteus, Salmonella and Escherichia coli (Gram negative) bacteria and Candida albicans (yeast type fungi). Minimum inhibitory concentration was calculated by Resazurin method. In-vitro antioxidant assay was conducted by DPPH radical, NO. radical, superoxide anion radical scavenging assays and OH radical scavenging activity by DNA protection assay using BHT as the reference compound. IC50 value of methanol extract for each of these assays was calculated. Albumin denaturation assay, antiproteinase activity and membrane stabilization were performed to test the anti-inflammatory potential at various concentrations of methanol extract of U.ramosa. In vivo anti-angiogenesis activity was carried out by shell less chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. In the antimicrobial activity we found that Staphylococcus aureus showed considerable susceptiblity with the MIC value of 145μg and Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most resistant with the MIC value of 378μg/ml. IC50 of 10.10µg/ml, IC50 of 17.32µg/ml and IC50 of 25.12µg/ml demonstrated antioxidant activities of methanol extract of U. ramosa by scavenging DPPH, NO. and superoxide anion radicals respectively. At 100µg/ml concentration, methanol extract significantly protected DNA against the effect of hydroxyl radicals. Protein denaturation was protected between concentrations 100-500µg/ml of methanol extract, maximum proteinase inhibitory activity was significantly found at 500µg/ml concentration and even haemolysis (heat and hypotonicity induced) was prevented considerably at 500µg/ml of methanol extract. Inhibition of proliferation of capillaries was observed in chorioallantoic membrane assay proving methanol extract’s antiangiogenic property. The leaves of Urochloa ramosa are basically enriched with natural phenolics with multitudinous biological potencies that can represent a promising class as bioactive molecules.

Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. belonging to the family Lamiaceae is an important folkloric medicinal plant in Fars province, South western Iran. In this study, essential oil constituents, phenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activities from the aerial parts of S. bachtiarica collected from different natural habitats of Fars province were investigated. The essential oil of all samples was extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed using GC and GC-MS. The main chemical constituents were carvacrol (54.95-65.48 %), thymol (12-15.70 %), γ-terpinene (4.55-13.55 %), p-cymene (1.39-5 %), E-caryophyllene (2.22-4.82 %), linalool (2.34-4.09 %) and borneol (1.25-3.64 %). The total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts were determined with the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, respectively. Total phenols varied from 38.38 to 44.55 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight (dw), and IC50 values in the radical scavenging assay ranged from 30.24 to 37.24 mg/mL, while those in the FRAP assay were between 36.45 and 43.24 μM quercetin equivalents/g dw. Results of this study indicated that methanolic extract of S. bachtiarica have high phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was individually evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans using disc diffusion and serial dilution methods. The oils of various geographical and cultivation methods, showed high activity against four medically important pathogens. The results support the traditional usage and also possible use of S. bachtiarica essential oil and extracts in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Purpose: To determine the antioxidant activity of methanol extract (ME) and solvent fractions of Avrainvillea erecta as well as their total phenolic and flavonoid contents.Methods: The antioxidant activities of ME as well as its chloroform, butanol, and aqueous fractions (CF, BF and WF, respectively) of A. erecta were evaluated via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging assays as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically.Results: CF and BF possessed equally high DPPH scavenging activity with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 535 and 532 mg/ml, respectively. CF had stronger NO scavenging activity (EC50 743 μg/mL) than ME and BF, although weaker compared with quercetin (EC50 279 μg/ml). CF also produced the highest FRAP value (451 μmol Fe2+/g) among all samples examined. Notably, H2O2 scavenging activity was only found in CF (EC50 387 μg/ml), which was as strong (p > 0.05) as that of gallic acid (EC50 456 μg/mL). BF had the highest total phenolic content while CF had the highest total flavonoid content.Conclusion: CF of A. erecta, which has the highest flavonoid content of all the extracts evaluated, is a potential source of natural antioxidants, especially hydrogen peroxide scavengers.Keywords: Antioxidant, Avrainvillea erecta, Flavonoid, Macroalga, Phenolic

Comparative evaluation of different extraction methods for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties from Osbeckia parvifolia Arn. – An in vitro approach

Background: Whole plant of Bambusa arundinaceae (Bamboo) belonging to family (Graminae) is used in number of disease including liver ailments in various parts of India. The present study is done to evaluate antioxidant and Hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of young shoots of Bambusa arundinaceae in Thioacetamide induced liver injury in rats. Material and method: Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract was evaluated by DPPH, Ferric reducing power assay and Lipid peroxidation. In vitro hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extracts (25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/ml) against thioacetamide (100mM) induced cytotoxicity was assessed by monitoring cell viability in HepG2 and Hep3b tumor cell line and also in primary hepatocytes. In vivo hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract (50, 100, 200 mg/kg p.o.) was observed againt thioacetamide (100 mg/kg s.c.) induced liver injury in rat by measuring biochemical parameters viz, Aspartate Transaminase, Alanine Transaminase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Total and Direct Bilirubin. The histopathological studies were also performed. Results: Methanolic extract of young shoots showed good antioxidant activity. Thioacetamide caused significant reduction in cell viability in in vitro studies. Treatment with methanolic extract caused significant increase in cell viability. In vivo studies showed that Thioacetamide induced elevation of biochemical parameters in rats were significantly (p<0.0001) decreased with methanolic extract treatment in rats. Histopathology studies also supported the protective effect of methanolic extract. Conclusion: The current study reveals that the methanolic extract of Bambusa arundinaceae has hepatoprotective activity which may be due to its antioxidant activity.

Phytochemical and biological activities of methanolic and hexane extract of Acorus calamus rhizome were carried out. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoid, glycoside, saponin, resin and carbohydrates which are responsible for the antibacterial activities. The antibacterial potential was studied against Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive bacteria) and Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi (gram negative bacteria) using Agar Well Diffusion Method. The activity was shown by both methanolic and hexane extract of Acorus calamus rhizome against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extract was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity showed potent antioxidant activities with IC50 value 3.74 μg/mL slightly higher than standard ascorbic acid (IC50 = 3.56 μg/mL).
 BIBECHANA 17 (2020) 104-109

Background: Newer drug research worldwide is now focusing on medicinal plants for ensuring health and vitality due to the seemingly safer side effect profile and abundance of plants in nature, compared to synthetic drugs. Antioxidants are vital in preventing free radical induced tissue damage. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Carica papaya using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH). Phytochemical tests proved the presence of bioactive ingredients in the extract.Methods: DPPH free radical assay, one of the most accurate methods for evaluating antioxidant activity, was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of leaves of C. papaya.Results: The methanolic leaf extract of C. papaya showed antioxidant property with free radical scavenging activity increasing with increase in concentration. The IC50 value of methanolic extract was 213.68 µgm/ml. Ascorbic acid was used as control.Conclusions: Oxidative stress has been linked to heart disease, cancer, immune deficiency. Antioxidants as suggested from various studies may reduce the risk of such diseases. The utility of C. papaya in the treatment of heart disease, cancer and immune deficiency will have to be proved by detailed evaluation of its pharmacological properties.

ABSTRACTAntioxidant activities of methanol extracts of the rhizome of Curculigo pilosa (CP) and corm of Gladiolus psittacinus (GP) were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging effect, reducing power, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenolics content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC). Lipid peroxidation was induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in the liver and heart of healthy Wistar albino rats (in vitro) and peroxidation was monitored by malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of tannins, steroids, and flavonoids in CP rhizomes and saponins and cardiac glycosides in GP corms. The results showed that CP possessed higher TPC, TFC, and TAC than GP and higher DPPH scavenging and reducing power activities. CP and GP inhibited the production of MDA in SNP-incubated heart and liver homogenates in a dose-dependent manner. However, the methanol extracts of the CP rhizomes showed higher reduction in MDA content than the corms of GP.

Plant phenolics and flavonoids function as antioxidants that act as scavengers of free radicals in the human body. This study aimed to determine the total phenolics and flavonoids contents, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), free radical scavenging ability, chlorophyll contents, and total amounts of carotenoids of six medicinal plants viz. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze, Eclipta prostrata (L.) L., Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug.DC., Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob., Origanum vulgare L., and Oxalis debilis Kunth. The results reveal that L. glutinosa has the maximum amount of total phenolic content (TPC) (1.906 mg GAE g-1 FW) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (13.933 mg QUE 100g-1 FW), while the lowest TPC (0.2803 mg GAE g-1 FW) was observed in O. vulgare and the least TFC (1.6 mg QUE 100g-1 FW), was observed in A. indica. The leaves of L. glutinosa showed excellent antioxidant properties (IC50 = 6.24 mg mL-1), and G. oppositifolius showed the least antioxidant potential (IC50 =18.423 mg mL-1). Pigment content such as chlorophyll-a was highest in E. prostrata (1.5963 mg g-1), while L. glutinosa has the highest chlorophyll-b (2.176 mg g-1 FW), chlorophyll-(a+b) (3.6157 mg g-1 FW), and carotenoids (1.61 µg 100g-1 FW) content. A strong linear correlation (DPPH, R2 = 0.8688, FRAP, R2 = 0.8595) was found between TPC and antioxidative capability. L. glutinosa contains significant amounts of phenols and flavonoids, which have antioxidant qualities, suggesting the possibility of using this species in phytotherapy and pharmacy.

Sambacus nigra or elder berry is a plant from Caprifoliaceae family. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extract from aerial parts, berries and flowers were evaluated. TPC and TFC was assessed by spectrophotometrical method, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and β-carotene linoleic acid assays, micro broth dilution assay were used for antimicrobial screenings. The TPC and TFC were in the ranges 43.7–86.3 mg gallic acid and 8.6–38.9 mg quercetin per g dry weight. The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract from aerial parts, flowers and berries with IC50 20, 30 and 35 μg/ml and inhibition percent (IP) 68, 69 and 61 % was higher than that of other extracts. The TPC and TFC content of above extract were 78.5, 20; 73.3, 38.9; 86.3, 24.6 mg/g; respectively. The methanolic extract from flowers is more effective against different kind of microorganisms especially against Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans. S. pyogenes is the most sensitive Gram positive bacteria to methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extract of S. nigra. S. nigra methanolic extract had a good potential as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for further studies.

Background: The use of medicinal plants for maintaining good health is getting attention worldwide. Antioxidants play an important role to protect damage caused by oxidative stress. In the present study methanolic extracts of Cassia fistula was determined using DPPH for its antioxidant activity. Phytochemical investigation confirmed the presence of bioactive ingredients in the extract.Methods: The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Cassia fistula was evaluated using DPPH free radical assay. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyine) free radical analysis is one of the accurate and frequently employed method for evaluating antioxidant activity.Results: The methanolic extracts showed increase in radical scavenging activity as concentration increases. The IC50 values were calculated for the methanolic extract. Ascorbic acid was used as control. Cassia fistula exhibited IC 50 of 79.42µg/ml.Conclusions: Scientific evidence suggests that antioxidants reduce the risk for chronic diseases including cancer and heart disease and infectious diseases. Further evaluation of pharmacological activities of Cassia fistula may prove useful in treatment of cancer and heart diseases.