Abstract
The present paper explores the antioxidant and antiaging properties of agar extracted from Laminaria digitata (L. digitata) on a D-galactose (D-Gal)-induced mouse model. Experimental mice were divided into four groups: group I comprised of control nontreated mice, group II comprised of D-Gal-induced mice, group III mice were treated with extracted agar after D-Gal induction, and group IV mice were given ascorbic acid as a positive control. Antioxidant enzymes and aging marker proteins declined significantly in group II, whereas they were normal in group III and group IV mice. Expressions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in D-Gal-induced mice were significantly enhanced in the liver and brain of the experimental mice, which were otherwise normal in agar-treated mice. Also, IL-6 levels were significantly increased in the liver and reversed in the brain of D-gal mice, while it was regularly in the agar-treated mice. The histopathological analysis of D-Gal-induced mice showed spongiosis and tangles in brain cells, increased fat and decreased collagen contents in the skin, and few dilated sinuses in the hepatic cells. The changes were under control in group III and group IV mice, suggesting the protective effects of agar extracted from L. digitata and ascorbic acid.
Highlights
Aging is a multifactorial natural process of the skin. e changes in the structure and functions of the entire body system are connected to the physical decline associated with aging
It converts to aldose and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a reaction catalyzed by galactose oxidase; superoxide dismutase (SOD) facilitates the transformation of superoxide anions to H2O2. e overall increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to disruptions in the activities of Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine macromolecules inside the cell [6]
A relaxation of the sample over the twosecond holding period resulted in subsequent decay in force, followed by the withdrawal of the probe to a tracking force of 5 g, allowing the sample to “spring back”. e maximum force (g) required to penetrate the product was recorded as the hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness, springiness, and gumminess of agar from L. digitata. e experiments were run in triplicate, and an average value was statistically reported [19]
Summary
Aging is a multifactorial natural process of the skin. e changes in the structure and functions of the entire body system are connected to the physical decline associated with aging. Aging is a multifactorial natural process of the skin. Several research reports show a correlation between the process of aging and antioxidant functions such as amplified mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and increased accumulation of oxidant products [1,2,3]. E ROS originates unstable lipid peroxide species incorporating carbonyl group with the end products, namely, reactive aldehydes such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4hydroxynonenal (HNE), causing tissue damage [5, 6]. Seaweeds are rich sources of polysaccharides used as gelling and thickening agents (e.g., alginates, agar, and carrageenan) including some that have become valuable additives in food manufacturing due to their rheological properties. The present study was designed and conducted to evaluate the texture, antioxidant, and in vivo antiaging properties of agar extracted from the brown seaweed L. digitata
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