Abstract
Background: Gynura species have been used traditionally to treat various ailments, such as fever, pain, and to control blood glucose level. This systematic review critically discusses studies regarding Gynura species that exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, thus providing perspectives and instructions for future research of the plants as a potential source of new dietary supplements or medicinal agents. Methods: A literature search from internet databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, e-theses Online Service, and ProQuest was carried out using a combination of keywords such as “Gynura,” “antioxidant,” “anti-inflammatory,” or other related words. Research articles were included in this study if they were experimental (in vitro and in vivo) or clinical studies on the antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species and if they were articles published in English. Results: Altogether, 27 studies on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species were selected. The antioxidant effects of Gynura species were manifested by inhibition of reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation, modulation of glutathione-related parameters, and enzymatic antioxidant production or activities. The anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species were through the modulation of inflammatory cytokine production, inhibition of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production, cellular inflammatory-related parameters, and inflammation in animal models. The potential anti-inflammatory signaling pathways modulated by Gynura species are glycogen synthase kinase-3, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, PPARγ, MAPK, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt. However, most reports on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the plants were on crude extracts, and the chemical constituents contributing to bioactivities were not clearly understood. There is a variation in quality of studies in terms of design, conduct, and interpretation, and in-depth studies on the underlying mechanisms involved in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the plants are in demand. Moreover, there is limited clinical study on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species. Conclusion: This review highlighted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of genus Gynura and supported their traditional uses to treat oxidative stress and inflammatory-related diseases. This review is expected to catalyze further studies on genus Gynura. However, extensive preclinical data need to be generated from toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies before clinical studies can be pursued for their development into clinical medicines to treat oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions.
Highlights
Inflammation refers to a complex array of defensive immune responses (Arulselvan et al, 2016), and tissue damage is one of the consequences of an exaggerated or uncontrolled prolonged inflammatory process (Biswas, 2016)
A total of 183 studies were found from the database search, and 11 additional articles were identified from other sources
125 articles were shortlisted, and after title–abstract screening, 57 articles were excluded because of the following reasons: The articles were published in languages other than English (n 4), the articles are non-experimental journal articles (n 10), and the articles reported on the effects of Gynura other than antioxidant and anti-inflammatory (n 43)
Summary
Inflammation refers to a complex array of defensive immune responses (Arulselvan et al, 2016), and tissue damage is one of the consequences of an exaggerated or uncontrolled prolonged inflammatory process (Biswas, 2016). The exaggerated generation of reactive species in pathological inflammatory conditions may induce localized oxidative stress and tissue injury, promoting progression of many inflammatory diseases (Mittal et al, 2014). A total of 46 species are identified in the genus Gynura (The Plant List, 2020). They are distributed from tropical Africa to South and East Asia as well as Australia where the highest specific diversity is found in Southeast Asia (Vanijajiva and Kadereit, 2011). G. procumbens is traditionally used to treat kidney discomfort, inflammation, rheumatic fever, and viral ailments (Wiart, 2006). Gynura species have been used traditionally to treat various ailments, such as fever, pain, and to control blood glucose level. This systematic review critically discusses studies regarding Gynura species that exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, providing perspectives and instructions for future research of the plants as a potential source of new dietary supplements or medicinal agents
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