Abstract
BackgroundRed wine polyphenols can prevent cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Resveratrol, the most extensively studied constituent, is unlikely to solely account for these beneficial effects because of its rather low abundance and bioavailability. Malvidin is far the most abundant polyphenol in red wine; however, very limited data are available about its effect on inflammatory processes and kinase signaling pathways.Methods & FindingsThe present study was carried out by using RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in the presence and absence of malvidin. From the cells, activation of nuclear factor-kappaB, mitogen-activated protein kinase, protein kinase B/Akt and poly ADP-ribose polymerase, reactive oxygen species production, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 expression and mitochondrial depolarization were determined. We found that malvidin attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear factor-kappaB, poly ADP-ribose polymerase and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial depolarization, while upregulated the compensatory processes; mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 expression and Akt activation.ConclusionsThese effects of malvidin may explain the previous findings and at least partially account for the positive effects of moderate red wine consumption on inflammation-mediated chronic maladies such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
Highlights
Malvidin and its glycosides are primary plant pigments playing an important role to protect plants from microbial infection and UV irradiation [1]
These effects of malvidin may explain the previous findings and at least partially account for the positive effects of moderate red wine consumption on inflammation-mediated chronic maladies such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease
The inflammatory response was extensively studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, which are very sensitive to LPS stimulation and respond by activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factors; nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) resulting in tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta (IL-1b), IL-6, IL-8 and nitric oxide production [8,9,10]
Summary
Malvidin and its glycosides are primary plant pigments playing an important role to protect plants from microbial infection and UV irradiation [1]. The inflammatory response was extensively studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, which are very sensitive to LPS stimulation and respond by activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factors; nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) resulting in tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta (IL-1b), IL-6, IL-8 and nitric oxide production [8,9,10] These markers are associated with gramnegative sepsis and other inflammatory diseases [11]. LPS induces activation of the cytoprotective phosphytidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway [17] and expression of MAPK phosphates (MKP)-1 [15] All these processes have significant role in innate immunity during the normal immune response and in causing multiple organ failure and death during severe sepsis or septic shock [11]. Malvidin is far the most abundant polyphenol in red wine; very limited data are available about its effect on inflammatory processes and kinase signaling pathways
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