Antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities of cyanidin‐3‐glucoside and cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside in hydrogen peroxide and lipopolysaccharide treated RAW264.7 cells (830.23)

Abstract

Cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside (C3R) are two major anthocyanins found in blackberry and black raspberry. Antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects of C3G and C3R in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells were determined. The tested anthocyanins (10 and 20 µg/mL) significantly reduced H2O2‐induced cytotoxicity. Following 4 h incubation with C3G or C3R, intracellular reactive oxygen species and DNA damage measured by Hoechst and comet assay significantly decreased in H2O2‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Cellular ferric reducing antioxidant power also significantly increased with C3G and C3R treatment. Nitric oxide produced in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells treated with C3G and C3R was reduced by 39.7 and 34.0%, respectively. LPS‐induced prostaglandin E2 productions were also significantly inhibited by C3G (52.6%) and C3R (59.5%). Protein expressions of iNOS and COX‐2 decreased in the cells treated with the anthocyanins. Further, the tested anthocyanins down‐regulated NF‐κB expression, and up‐regulated I‐κB expression in the LPS‐treated macrophages. Overall results indicate that C3G and C3R, potent antioxidants, may suppress inflammatory response via inhibition of NO and PGE2 releases and modulation of gene expression.