Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a powerful nuclear transcription factor that coordinates an antioxidant cytoprotector system complex stimulated by the increase in inoxidative stress (OS). In the present manuscript, we conduct a review on the evidence that shows the effect different modalities of physical exercise exert on the antioxidant metabolic response directed by Nrf2. During physical exercise, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased; therefore, if the endogenous and exogenous antioxidant defenses are unable to control the elevation of ROS, the resulting OS triggers the activation of the transcriptional factor Nrf2 to induce the antioxidant response. On a molecular basis related to physical exercise, hormesis maintenance (exercise preconditioning) and adaptative changes in training are supported by a growing body of evidence, which is important for detailing the health benefits that involve greater resistance to environmental aggressions, better tolerance to constant changes, and increasing the regenerative capacity of the cells in such a way that it may be used as a tool to support the prevention or treatment of diseases. This may have clinical implications for future investigations regarding physical exercise in terms of understanding adaptations in high-performance athletes but also as a therapeutic model in several diseases.
Highlights
Living organisms have evolved, among other aspects, to defend themselves against environmental aggressions in order the achieve adaptation and ensure survival
The results suggest that Nrf2is required for basic mitochondrial function because the silencing of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) severely affected the mitochondrial respiration of the intramyocellularf raction (IMF) in 40% of the muscle samples of Knock Out (KO) mice, while it significantly increased the emission of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the process
The analysis of mitochondrial biogenesis demonstrated a significant increase of AMPKα in the Nrf2+ /+ group; there were no significant differences in the expression of SIRT1 and
Summary
Among other aspects, to defend themselves against environmental aggressions in order the achieve adaptation and ensure survival. The objective of the present work is to review how exercise and its diverse forms modulate the expression of Nrf and the endogenous antioxidant system thanks to the increase in ROS, the activated signaling systems, and the way they interconnect to generate antioxidant and metabolic adaptative responses to exercise. Investigation models are explored that evaluate the effect of physical exercise under different circumstances in an isolated manner and in synergy with certain bioactive compounds This attempt contributes part of the support of molecular bases in order to understand the changes generated by exercise that can result in a potential tool in the prevention or treatment of diseases; at the same time, to understanding the molecular mechanisms implied in high-performance (elite) sports that facilitate more efficient training, improving sports performance
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