Abstract
Polyphenols and flavonoids possess a variety of biological activities including antioxidant and anti-tumor activities. Ixora parviflora is a member of the flavonoid-rich Rubiaceae family of flowering plants and used as folk medicine in India. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of Ixora parviflora extract (IPE) in a cell-free system and erythrocytes, and the ability of IPE to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human fibroblasts (Hs68) after ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Various in vitro antioxidant assays were employed in this study. The extraction yield of IPE was 17.4 ± 3.9%, the total phenolic content of IPE was 26.2 μg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mg leaves dry weight and the total flavonoids content was 54.2 ± 4.4 μg quercetin equvalent (QE)/mg extract. The content of chlorogenic acid was 9.7 ± 1.2 mg/g extract. IPE at 1000 μg/mL exhibited a reducing capacity of 90.5 ± 0.6%, a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of 96.0 ± 0.4%, a ferrous chelating activity of 72.2 ± 3.5%, a hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of 96.8 ± 1.4%, and a hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of 99.5 ± 3.3%. IPE at 500 μg/mL also possessed inhibitory activity against 2,2′-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced hemolysis of erythrocytes (89.4 ± 1.8%) and resulted in a 52.9% reduction in ROS generation in UV-exposed fibroblasts. According to our findings, IPE is a potent antioxidant and a potential anti-photoaging agent.
Highlights
High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O2−), hydroxyl radical (OH·), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can cause oxidative damage to cellular DNA, protein and lipids, resulting in the initiation or development of numerous diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cataracts, rheumatoid arthritis, and various neurodegenerative diseases [1,2].In addition, free transition metal ions cause extensive oxidative damage to cellular biomolecules such as DNA and proteins [3]
The results indicated that Ixora parviflora extract (IPE) and Ixora parviflora hydrolysates (IPH) showed scavenged DPPH free radical in a dose-dependent manner
We found that the erythrocytes did not exhibit hemolysis without AAPH
Summary
High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O2−), hydroxyl radical (OH·), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can cause oxidative damage to cellular DNA, protein and lipids, resulting in the initiation or development of numerous diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cataracts, rheumatoid arthritis, and various neurodegenerative diseases [1,2].In addition, free transition metal ions cause extensive oxidative damage to cellular biomolecules such as DNA and proteins [3]. High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O2−), hydroxyl radical (OH·), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can cause oxidative damage to cellular DNA, protein and lipids, resulting in the initiation or development of numerous diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cataracts, rheumatoid arthritis, and various neurodegenerative diseases [1,2]. Biochemical reactions and exposure to numerous environment stresses such as pollutants and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can generate ROS. UV irradiation is a ubiquitous hazardous factor causing skin damage through two different pathways. The other pathway results in the generation of ROS, which react with macro-molecules like DNA, proteins, and lipids, resulting in oxidative stress and photoaging [4,5]. Antioxidant defenses exist endogenously in the form of superoxide dismutases, catalases, and glutathione peroxidases and can be obtained from foods or dietary supplements such as vitamin E, vitamin C, carotenoids, thiol compounds and phenolic acids, and its subgroup, flavonoids (including flavones, isoflavones, flavonones, anthocyanins, catechins, and isocatechins) [1]
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