Antioxidant Activities of Synthetic Indole Derivatives and Possible Activity Mechanisms

Abstract

Indole derivatives constitute an important class of therapeutical agents in medicinal chemistry including anticancer, antioxidant, antirheumatoidal, aldose reductase inhibitor, and anti-HIV agents. Reactive oxygen species are constantly generated in the human body and are involved in various physiologically important biological reactions. However, high levels of free radicals can cause damage to biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNA within cells. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the development of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, epileptic seizures, stroke, and as a contributor to aging and some types of cancer. Indolic compounds are very efficient antioxidants, protecting both lipids and proteins from peroxidation and it is known that the indole structure influences the antioxidant efficacy in biological systems. Due to its free radical scavenger and antioxidant properties, synthesis of indole derivative compounds are under investigation to determine which exhibit the highest activity with the lowest side effects. Epidemiological studies have been strongly suggesting that antioxidants can decrease the rate of many diseases. However, more clinical studies are required to determine the efficacy and safety of these compounds. This chapter gives another perspective on antioxidant activities of synthetic melatonin analogues.