Abstract
Obesity can cause chronic metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiobesity and antidiabetic effects of the dairy bacterium P. freudenreichii MJ2 isolated from raw milk using 3T3-L1 cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Lipid accumulation and the expression levels of genes related to lipid metabolism, such as preadipocytic gene (Pref-1), adipogenic genes (PPARγ and C/EBPα), and lipogenic genes (FAS, SCD-1, and ACC), significantly decreased in heat-killed P. freudenreichii MJ2 (hkMJ2)-treated adipocytes. Live P. freudenreichii MJ2 (MJ2), hkMJ2, and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) decreased body weight gain in HFD-induced obese mice compared with the model group. The liver and epididymal white adipose tissue weights in the MJ2-, hkMJ2- and LP-treated groups were significantly lower than those in the model group. The expression levels of genes and proteins related to adipogenesis and lipogenesis significantly decreased and lipolysis (HSL and ATGL) increased in the MJ2-, hkMJ2-, and LP-treated groups. The expression levels of genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation (CPT-1α and ACOX1) increased in the MJ2-, hkMJ2-, and LP-treated groups. In addition, blood glucose and fasting insulin levels in the MJ2- and hkMJ2-treated groups decreased compared with those in the model group. P. freudenreichii MJ2 ameliorate insulin resistance by obesity. In conclusion, both MJ2 and hkMJ2 alleviate obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Highlights
Obesity, defined as a body mass index over 30, is considered a major factor that induces metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and liver diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diverse diseases including obstructive sleep apnea, depression, and some kinds of c ancer[1]
The results showed no significant differences in the cell viability of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes between all heat-killed P. freudenreichii MJ2 (hkMJ2)-treated cells and the negative control (Supplementary Fig. 1)
When Lactobacillus paracasei, a typical probiotic, monocolonizes germ-free mice, it upregulates angiopoietin-like 4 protein, which contributes to decreasing fat mass, in an high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mouse m odel[24]
Summary
Obesity, defined as a body mass index over 30, is considered a major factor that induces metabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and liver diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diverse diseases including obstructive sleep apnea, depression, and some kinds of c ancer[1]. When dysbiosis occurs with obesity, major species of gastrointestinal microbiota and their beneficial metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), vitamin B 12, and indole, are lost, and intestinal permeability and endotoxemia are increased[6], which induces inflammation and gluconeogenesis in the liver, decreases satiety in the brain, and increases triglyceride incorporation and inflammation in adipose tissues. P. freudenreichii is considered a beneficial bacterium that produces bifidogenic compounds that promote the growth of Bifidobacterium spp It produces vitamin B12, propionic acid, and surface proteins that show immunomodulatory p roperties[10,11]. According to these features, P. freudenreichii is considered a next-generation probiotic that can confer health benefits on the host. In this study, we investigated the probiotic effect of P. freudenreichii MJ2 isolated from raw milk on the prevention of lipid accumulation in adipocytes and its antiobesity and antidiabetic activity in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice
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