Abstract
Testing for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) on human epithelial cell lines (HEp-2) using indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) is central for ruling out or for diagnosing connective tissue diseases and other diseases, such as primary biliary cholangitis and autoimmune hepatitis as well as drug-induced ANA. The comprehensive description of 29different ANA-IIF patterns by the international consensus of ANA patterns (ICAP) facilitates the harmonization of ANA-IIF diagnostics. Positive ANA tests are frequently observed in healthy individuals and areason for referral to rheumatologists. In these cases, the detection of anti-DFS70 antibodies can be helpful to exclude systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
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