Abstract
Medicinal plants have been widely used in the treatment of chronic pain. In this study, we describe the antinociceptive effect of the essential oil from Croton conduplicatus (the EO 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.), a medicinal plant native to Brazil. Antinociceptive activity was investigated by measuring the nociception induced by acetic acid, formalin, hot plate and carrageenan. A docking study was performed with the major constituents of the EO (E-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and camphor). The EO reduced nociceptive behavior at all doses tested in the acetic acid-induced nociception test (p < 0.05). The same was observed in both phases (neurogenic and inflammatory) of the formalin test. When the hot-plate test was conducted, the EO (50 mg/kg) extended the latency time after 60 min of treatment. The EO also reduced leukocyte migration at all doses, suggesting that its antinociceptive effect involves both central and peripheral mechanisms. Pretreatment with glibenclamide and atropine reversed the antinociceptive effect of the EO on the formalin test, suggesting the involvement of KATP channels and muscarinic receptors. The docking study revealed a satisfactory interaction profile between the major components of the EO and the different muscarinic receptor subtypes (M2, M3, and M4). These results corroborate the medicinal use of C. conduplicatus in folk medicine.
Highlights
The cardiovascular system plays an important role in the health and well-being of patients.Dysregulation of the cardiovascular system has large implications, for example hypertension can be a major risk factor for the development of stroke and heart disease
Several classical drug targets exist in the treatment of the cardiovascular system, e.g., beta-antagonists, voltage gated calcium blockers (VGCC) etc., a deeper knowledge is needed to functionally treat this system to achieve the maximal decrease in mortality and morbidity
A few noticeable differences include the extracellular loop region (ECL), which was significantly different in the adenosine A1 receptor, and the presence of a wider extracellular binding cavity for ligands
Summary
The cardiovascular system plays an important role in the health and well-being of patients. 30% of adults will run the risk of dying from either heart disease or stroke [1]. This has led to an increased search for the understanding of the pathology behind these life-threatening disease states, and is evident in both medical literature as well as in the health care commercial market. The vascular system plays an important role in the normal physiology, affecting several organ systems, including the brain and renal system. Patients who are being treated for cardiovascular diseases, experience polypharmacy as the normal treatment paradigm. One of the newer drug targets which we are investigating is the adenosine receptor signaling cascade and its effect on cardiovascular physiology
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