Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effects of ethyl acetate crude extract of an endophytic fungus, L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 which was isolated from leaf of Ocimum sanctum against the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)., a common pathogenic bacteria to human.Methods: Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. Time-kill assay was used to examine the effect of the extract on the MRSA growth profile. The effects of the extract on the ultrastructure of MRSA cells were analyzed by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study.Results: The results obtained from this study showed the fungal ethyl acetate crude extract exhibited a strong bactericidal effect on MRSA where the ratio of MBC/MIC was 2 and less than 4. The MIC and MBC values were 125.0 and 250.0 µg/ml, respectively. The time-kill study revealed that the bacteriocidal activity of the extract was both concentration and time-dependent. After 12 h treatment, the interaction of extract with MRSA cells resulted in the formation of dents, cavity or small dimples on the cell surface, indicating disintegration of the cell wall and cell membrane that resulting in leakage of their cytoplasmic contents, and ultimately cell death.Conclusion: The ethyl acetate crude extract of L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 showed a significant anti-MRSA activity and principally affected the cell wall and the cell membrane of the growing MRSA cells. This is the first report on L. pseudotheobromae, an endophytic fungus isolated from medicinal herb, Ocimum sanctum Linn.
Highlights
Starting with the early reports of antibiotic resistance towards penicillin and sulphonamides just after the World War II, it involved many other cases of antibiotic resistance occurred including the establishment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus that resistant to methicillin [1], It is one of the human pathogens that involved in nosocomial acquired infection and caused serious infectious diseases with high rate in morbidity and mortality [2]
The aim to this study was to investigate the effects of ethyl acetate crude extract of an endophytic fungus, L. pseudotheobromae Industrial Biotechnology Research Laboratory (IBRL) OS-64 which was isolated from the leaf of O. sanctum against the growth of MRSA
The endophytic fungus previously isolated from the leaf of Ocimum sanctum Linn. was provided by the culture collection of the Industrial Biotechnology Research Laboratory (IBRL), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
Summary
Starting with the early reports of antibiotic resistance towards penicillin and sulphonamides just after the World War II, it involved many other cases of antibiotic resistance occurred including the establishment of MRSA, a pathogenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus that resistant to methicillin [1], It is one of the human pathogens that involved in nosocomial acquired infection and caused serious infectious diseases with high rate in morbidity and mortality [2]. Researchers have proven that various part of this plant exhibited antibacterial [5], antifungal [6], and antioxidant [7] and insecticides properties [8] Microorganisms such as endophytes have been recognised as a potential source of novel bioactive compounds with promising antimicrobial activity [9]. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae has long been recognised as a common pathogenic fungus found on a variety of host plants in the tropics and subtropics. It causes numerous diseases, in particular, causing rotting of fruits and root crops during storage. The aim to this study was to investigate the effects of ethyl acetate crude extract of an endophytic fungus, L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 which was isolated from the leaf of O. sanctum against the growth of MRSA
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