Abstract
To mitigate the use of fossil fuels and maintain a clean and sustainable environment, electrochemical energy storage systems are receiving great deal of attention, especially rechargeable batteries. This is also associated with the growing demand for electric vehicles, which urged the automotive industries to explore the capacities of new materials for use in lithium–ion batteries (LIBs). Graphite is still employed as an anode in large majority of currently available commercial LIBs preserving their better cyclic stability despite enormous research efforts to identify viable alternatives with improved power and energy density. From this point of view, antimony acts as a promising material because it has good theoretical capacity, high volumetric capacity, good reactivity with lithium and good electronic conductivities. Recently, there have been many works that focused on the development of antimony as an alternative anode. This review tries to give a bird’s eye view comprising the experimental and theoretical insights on the developments in the direction of using antimony and antimony composites as anodes for rechargeable Li.
Highlights
Lithium–ion batteries have become a part of our day-to-day life in the past few years, and it is difficult to imagine a field where they are not used much
High energy and power density, excellent cycling stability and high operating voltages are the properties of existing lithium–ion batteries
Outlooks focused on DFTand studies showed the potential of monolayer Sb for lithium–ion batteries (LIBs) anodes in rechargeable batteries, which couldbattery provide relatively strong
Summary
Lithium–ion batteries have become a part of our day-to-day life in the past few years, and it is difficult to imagine a field where they are not used much. High energy and power density, excellent cycling stability and high operating voltages are the properties of existing lithium–ion batteries. The mechanisms behind these properties are mainly determined by the cathodes and anodes as well as the transport of electrons and ions through the electrolyte through separator. The current developments in the field of electric vehicles and other smart electronic gadgets require better batteries Because of this reason, the scientific community is in search of a better material that can replace graphite with a higher-capacity anode. Silicon is one of the most promising alloying anodes with very high theoretical capacity (4200 mAh g−1 ), but it lacks stability due to its associated high volumetric changes (400%) [6] during the intercalation/deintercalation of lithium.
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