Abstract
AbstractPotassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) present great potential for large‐scale energy storage applications owing to their high energy density and the abundance of potassium reserve. However, the large radius of K+ and super‐reactive metallic nature of potassium make it difficult to realize electrochemically reversible storage with most conventional electrode materials. Currently, it remains a great challenge to develop appropriate anode materials with high specific capacities, long cycle life, and low cost for PIBs. Antimony‐based materials are recognized as a promising anode candidate because of their high theoretical capacities, appropriate potassiation potential, and relatively low cost. Herein, we review the recent progress of antimony‐based anode materials for PIBs, including metallic antimony, antimony‐based alloys, antimony chalcogenides, and composite combinations. Meanwhile, this review also focuses on the electrochemical reaction mechanisms, strategies for design and synthesis of electrode materials, and the advances of electrolyte modulation and electrode formulation. Finally, we present the critical challenges to be addressed and perspectives for ways forward to promote the development of PIBs.image
Highlights
The fast-growing demands of electric vehicles (EVs) and smart grids are stimulating the development of energy storage systems with low cost and high energy density
Some researchers have demonstrated that the commercial graphite anodes used in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can achieve an improved cycling performance with optimized electrolytes in potassium-ion battery (PIB), the obtained capacity is still limited, and graphite anode suffer from large volume expansion during K+ intercalation.[14,15,16]
We systematically reviewed and summarized recent progress on Sb and Sb-based alloys as anodes for PIBs
Summary
The fast-growing demands of electric vehicles (EVs) and smart grids are stimulating the development of energy storage systems with low cost and high energy density. The SnSb alloy possesses different alloying/ dealloying potentials of the Sn and Sb, and the synergistic effects between Sb and Sn can alleviate the dramatic volume variation during discharge and charge.[87] As a demonstration, Stievano et al prepared SnSb powder via a high energy ball milling method.[41] The alloy anode achieved a specific capacity of 370 mAh g−1 with a 75% capacity retention after 40 cycles based on the formation of KSn and K3Sb after potassiation, and the cycling stability is better than that of pure Sn and Sb electrodes. The synergistic effects between conductive coating and confinement effectively facilitate the electron transport and ion diffusion, buffer the large volumetric variation, and maintain the structural stability for superior cyclability
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