Abstract

Mastitis is the most frequently diagnosed disease of dairy cattle responsible for the reduction in milk quantity and quality and major economic losses. Dairy farmers use antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of mastitis. Frequent antimicrobial usage (AMU) undeniably increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria from dairy farms. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) from dairy farms can spread to humans directly through contact with carrier animals or indirectly through the consumption of raw milk or undercooked meat from culled dairy cows. Indirect spread from dairy farms to humans can also be through dairy manure fertilized vegetables or run-off waters from dairy farms to the environment. The most frequently used antibiotics in dairy farms are medically important and high-priority classes of antibiotics. As a result, dairy farms are considered one of the potential reservoirs of ARB and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). To mitigate the rise of ARB in dairy farms, reducing AMU by adopting one or more of alternative disease control methods such as good herd health management, selective dry-cow therapy, probiotics, and others is critically important. This chapter is a concise review of the effects of antimicrobials usage to control mastitis in dairy cattle farms and its potential impact on human health.

Highlights

  • Since the discovery of antibiotics, microbes have continued to uncover new ways to survive and thrive in the presence of antibiotics [1]

  • Mastitis is the most prevalent and economically important disease of dairy cattle responsible for the largest antibiotics used in the dairy industry

  • Several studies have linked antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to antibiotic use. The use of these classes of antibiotics in dairy cattle may speed up the development of AMR, which can affect the successful treatment of infection in humans

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Summary

Introduction

Since the discovery of antibiotics, microbes have continued to uncover new ways to survive and thrive in the presence of antibiotics [1]. The beta-lactams that are used as IMM products include FGCs (cephapirin) and TGCs (ceftiofur), aminopenicillins (amoxicillin and hetacillin), penicillin G, and penicillinase-resistant penicillins (cloxacillin) [9] Another most common AMU is for dry cow therapy (DCT). Of all antibiotics classes approved for use in U.S dairy cattle, at least eight are medically important (Table 1) These antibiotics used in both dairy and human medicine include aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, lincosamides, macrolides, penicillins, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines [19]. These antibiotics are used to treat other diseases of dairy cattle, such as respiratory and reproductive diseases and foot infections [7]. Quinolones (enrofloxacin and danofloxacin) and extended-spectrum beta-lactams such as third-generation cephalosporins, which are heavily used in U.S dairy farms for the treatment of mastitis, are considered as “highest priority critically important” classes of antibiotics [19]. The development of AMR that arises from the AMU in dairy farms could seriously impact the management of infectious diseases in the human population using antibiotics [21]

Antibiotics use in dairy farms and their implication to human health
Antimicrobial resistance in mastitis pathogens
Alternative approaches for the management of mastitis
Selective dry cow therapy (SDCT)
Evidence-based treatment of mastitis
Good dairy herd health management
Vaccination
Immunostimulants
Cytokines
Phage therapy
Use of probiotics for the treatment of mastitis
Antimicrobial peptides
3.10 Use of CRISPR-Cas system
Findings
Conclusion
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