Abstract
Background and Aim:Antimicrobial resistance poses a major threat to global public health. Foodstuff of animal origin can serve as potential vehicles for the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes to consumers. In view of the lack of knowledge about antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with goat milk, the aim of this study was to report species-level identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of a large collection of Staphylococcus spp. isolates recovered from raw goat milk in Brazil.Materials and Methods:A total of 434 Staphylococcus spp. isolates originated from 510 goat milk samples in Northeast Brazil were investigated. The isolates were obtained by conventional microbiological methods. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed by means of a semi-automated system using a panel for biochemical tests and broth microdilution method for 19 antimicrobial drugs.Results:Although Staphylococcus aureus (22.6%) accounted for the majority of the isolates, a total of 13 different non-aureus staphylococci spp. were identified. High resistance rates against erythromycin (40.8%), and the beta-lactams ampicillin (45.9%) and penicillin (42.9%) were observed among S. aureus isolates. The most significant findings were related to the resistance against quinupristin-dalfopristin, a drug of last resort used in human medicine to treat infections caused by vancomycin-resistant S. aureus and enterococci.Conclusion:The high diversity of Staphylococcus spp. showing phenotypic resistance against different antimicrobial drugs encourages further investigations on the real impact of these bacteria as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes to consumers. Furthermore, the potential impact of technological processes, such as pasteurization, fermentation, and maturation, on the maintenance and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among the microbial populations in milk and dairy products must also be investigated.
Highlights
Paraiba is the leading goat milk producer state in Brazil, with a total production of 5.63 million litters, representing 23.9% of the revenue attributed to the whole Brazilian goat milk sector [1]
The most significant findings were related to the resistance against quinupristin-dalfopristin, a drug of last resort used in human medicine to treat infections caused by vancomycin-resistant S. aureus and enterococci
The extensive use of antimicrobials in human medicine is a major driver for the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance [7], foodstuffs might play a potential role in the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes to human populations consuming these products [8]
Summary
Paraiba is the leading goat milk producer state in Brazil, with a total production of 5.63 million litters, representing 23.9% of the revenue attributed to the whole Brazilian goat milk sector [1]. Dairy goat production plays an important socioeconomic role in low-income Northeast Brazil, very little is known regarding staphylococcal contamination in milk produced by smallholders in semi-arid Brazil. The extensive use of antimicrobials in human medicine is a major driver for the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance [7], foodstuffs might play a potential role in the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes to human populations consuming these products [8]. Foodstuff of animal origin can serve as potential vehicles for the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes to consumers. In view of the lack of knowledge about antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with goat milk, the aim of this study was to report species-level identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of a large collection of Staphylococcus spp. isolates recovered from raw goat milk in Brazil
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