Abstract
The monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility of pig pathogens is critical to optimize antimicrobial treatments and prevent development of resistance with a one-health approach. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of swine respiratory pathogens in Spain from 2017 to 2019. Bacterial isolation and identification were carried out following standardized methods from samples coming from sacrificed or recently deceased pigs with acute clinical signs compatible with respiratory tract infections. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined using the broth microdilution method containing a total of 10 and 7–8 antimicrobials/concentrations respectively, in accordance with the recommendations presented by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The obtained antimicrobial susceptibility varies between pig respiratory pathogens. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and Pasteurella multocida (PM) were highly susceptible (≥90%) to ceftiofur, florfenicol and macrolides (tilmicosin, tildipirosin and tulathromycin). However, the antimicrobial susceptibility was intermediate (>60% but <90%) for amoxicillin and enrofloxacin in the case of APP and sulfamethoxazole/trimethropim and tiamulin in the case of PM. Both bacteria showed low (<60%) antimicrobial susceptibility to doxycycline. Finally, Bordetella bronchiseptica was highly susceptible only to tildipirosin and tulathromycin (100%) and its susceptibility for florfenicol was close to 50% and <30% for the rest of the antimicrobial families tested. These results emphasize the need of determining antimicrobial susceptibility in pig respiratory cases in order to optimize the antimicrobial treatment in a case-by-case scenario.
Highlights
The Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) is a syndrome that results from a combination of infectious and non-infectious factors [1]
MIC50, MIC90 and antimicrobial susceptibility for 162, 130 and 29 strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Pasteurella multocida (PM) and Bordetella bronchiseptica (BB) are described in Tables 1–3, respectively
There is an urgent need to have Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) clinical breakpoints (CB) breakpoints available for every antimicrobial/bacteria and feedback from swine practitioners when using these antimicrobials at the registered dose [38]
Summary
The Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) is a syndrome that results from a combination of infectious and non-infectious factors [1]. Many non-infectious predisposing factors are involved in PRDC, such as poor environmental conditions, density, stressors, season of the year, genetic background and production flow (all-in-all out versus continuous flow) [7,8,9]. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 402 control PRDC in a cost-effective way, such as improving environmental conditions, decreasing density and stressors, combined with vaccination against the major viral and bacterial infectious etiologic factors [10]. If such measures are not in place or fail, the use of antimicrobials may be needed
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