Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Environmental Non-O1/Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Isolates.

Sivan Laviad-Shitrit,Avi Peretz,Ido Izhaki,Malka Halpern,Yehonatan Sharaby

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01726

Sivan Laviad-Shitrit, Avi Peretz + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01726

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Abstract

Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 are the causative agents of cholera disease. There are more than 200 serogroups in this species that are termed V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139. Non-O1/non-O139 strains can cause gastroenteritis and cholera like diarrhea, wound infections, external otitis, and bacteraemia that may lead to mortality. Previous antimicrobial susceptibility studies were conducted mainly on O1/O139 serogroups and on clinical isolates. Our aim was to study and compare the antimicrobial susceptibilities of non-O1/non-O139 environmental strains isolated from chironomids, fish, and waterfowl. Significant differences were found in the antimicrobial susceptibilities between the environmental strains that were isolated from three different reservoir habitats. Significant increase in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ampicillin and chloramphenicol was found in chironomid isolates from 2009 compared to those from 2005. V. cholerae isolates from different waterfowl species displayed the highest MIC values to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT), while chironomid isolates demonstrated the highest MIC values toward ampicillin. Isolates from fish and waterfowl showed high MIC values toward doxycycline. No significant differences were found between the MICs of isolates from the different waterfowl species. The percentage of antimicrobial resistance among V. cholerae isolates from waterfowl was the highest compared to the abundance of antimicrobial resistant isolates from chironomids or fish. The antimicrobial resistance genes can be carried on mobile genetic elements, thus, waterfowl may act as reservoirs for these elements and may spread them all over the globe. Data regarding treatment with antimicrobial agents toward V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 serogroups is lacking and therefore further studies are needed.

Highlights

Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative rod with more than 200 different serogroups
Antibiotic susceptibilities of 147 V. cholerae environmental non-O1/non-O139 strains were studied for five antimicrobial agents that are used to treat cases of V. cholerae infections
Significant differences were observed in V. cholerae sensitivities to the different antimicrobial agents [Repeated measures ANOVA: F(1.5,205.8) = 4.1, p = 0.029]

Summary

Introduction

Serogroups O1 and O139 are considered as the causative agents of the epidemic diarrheal disease cholera. Non-O1/non-O139 strains share the same environmental niche with the pathogenic strains Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Environmental V. cholerae infections such as gastroenteritis and cholera-like diarrhea, and extra-intestinal infections such as wound infections, otitis media, external otitis, and bacteraemia that sometimes can cause mortality in humans (Sack et al, 2004; Bier et al, 2015; Kechker et al, 2017). In severe cholera cases, a combination of oral rehydration therapy with antibiotic treatment is recommended since the antibiotics decrease the volume of the diarrhea (Kitaoka et al, 2011). Antimicrobial agent therapy is required for treating extraintestinal infections caused by non-O1/non-O139 strains. Resistances of non-O1/non-O139 strains to aminoglycosides, ampicillin and carbapenems was reported (Ottaviani et al, 2003; Bier et al, 2015)

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