Abstract
This study was to investigate the prevalence of mcr-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae (MPE) in intra-abdominal infections (IAIs), urinary tract infections (UTIs), and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in China. A total of 6,401 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were collected consecutively from IAI, UTI, and LRTI patients in 19 hospitals across mainland China during 2014–2016. MPE isolates were screened by PCR detection for the mcr gene. The resistance profiles were tested by antimicrobial susceptibility test. All MPE isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multi-locus-sequence typing, O and H serotyping, and whole-genome sequencing. Among the 6,401 Enterobacteriaceae isolates, 17 Escherichia coli strains (0.27%) were positive for the mcr-1 gene. The MPE prevalence rates in IAI, UTI, and LRTI patients were 0.34% (12/3502), 0.23% (5/2154), and 0% (0/745), respectively. The minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) of colistin against 3 isolates were of 0.5–2 mg/L, and 4–8 mg/L against other 14 isolates. All the 17 isolates were susceptible to meropenem, imipenem, tigecycline, and ceftazidime/avibactam. The 17 MPE isolates belonged to 14 different ST types, and those that belonged to the same STs were not clonal by PFGE. The mcr-1-harboring plasmid of ten MPE isolates could transfer to the recipients by conjugation and the colistin MICs of the transconjugants ranged from 0.5 to 8 mg/L. Mcr-1-carrying plasmids from the 17 MPE isolates could be grouped into four clusters, including 8 IncX4 type, 4 IncI2 type, 4 IncHI2A type, and 1 p0111 type. Multiple-drug resistance genes and virulence genes were detected. In conclusion, the prevalence of MPE in IAI, UTI, and LRTI were low in China, and no clonal transmission was identified in our study. Most MPE isolates exhibited low-level colistin resistance. However, our study indicated that MPE isolates always carried a variety of drug resistance and virulence genes, which should be paid more attention.
Highlights
In the past few decades, multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gramnegative bacilli increasingly caused infections and spread rapidly, which posed a major threat to global health (Mathers et al, 2015; Potter et al, 2016; Miao et al, 2018)
We collected 3,502 Enterobacteriaceae isolates from intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) patients, 2,154 from urinary tract infections (UTIs) patients, and 745 from lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) patients
By PCR screening of the mcr-1 gene, we found that 17 isolates (17/6,401, 0.27%) were positive for mcr-1, all of which were E. coli, accounting for 0.47% in this species
Summary
In the past few decades, multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gramnegative bacilli (mainly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) increasingly caused infections and spread rapidly, which posed a major threat to global health (Mathers et al, 2015; Potter et al, 2016; Miao et al, 2018). Liu et al (2016) firstly reported that the mcr-1 gene was related to the colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from animals and humans. The mcr-1 gene was firstly discovered in animals as early as 1980, but few researches have been performed to study its functions and characteristics (Shen et al, 2016). They found that is the resistance mechanism of polymyxin caused by the chromosomal mutations and the mcr-1 gene is commonly carried by plasmids. The mcr-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae (MPE) became a high threat to break the last line of defense against the MDR Enterobacteriaceae
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