Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant salmonellosis is a significant public health concern globally. A study was conducted to screen for Salmonella species from a total of 120 samples, of which 50 were retail meat samples purchased from five randomly selected sales outlets in the city of Mangalore, India. Twenty poultry fecal materials freshly voided before slaughter were obtained with sterile spatula and placed in sterile sealable polythene envelopes, and 20 clams were purchased from the estuaries of Nethravathi and Kankarnady market. In addition, 30 clinical isolates from Nigeria suspected to be Salmonella by only cultural characterization were also included in the study. In all, 30 samples—6 poultry, 8 seafood, and 16 Salmonella isolates from clinical samples—were confirmed positive by PCR and used in this study. The disk-diffusion test was performed to determine the zone of inhibition, and detection of resistance genes was tested by PCR targeting various antimicrobial genes. Resistance to tetracycline (TET), cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantion, and piperacillin/tazobactin was found in 66.7%, 60%, 53.3%, 50% and 50% of the isolates, respectively. About 60–100% of MDR isolates possessed antibiotic-resistant genes, of the tetracyclines resistant isolates, 20 (100%) 6 (30%), 7 (35%), and 10 (50%) carried tetA, tetB, tetC, and tetG genes, respectively. Of 18 cotrimoxazole-resistant strains, 18 (100%), 14 (77.7%), and 4 (22.2%) had sul1, sul2, and sul3 genes, respectively. Of the 14 multidrug-resistant isolates tested, 8 (61%) and 9 (69%) were positive for cmlA and cmlB genes, respectively, 10 (1.4%) tested positive for aph(3)11a genes, 8 (57%) tested positive for aac(3)lla, while none was positive for the aac6 gene. The results show the presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. in food samples from India and in human samples from Nigeria.
Highlights
Salmonellosis encompasses a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals which may manifest as acute gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and extraintestinally localized infections involving many organs
Six Salmonella isolates from poultry, eight from seafood, and 16 from clinical samples were used in this study
Monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends among bacteria isolated from food, animals, and humans is necessary to inform public policy regarding the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary and human medicine (Cummings et al 2013)
Summary
Salmonellosis encompasses a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and animals which may manifest as acute gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and extraintestinally localized infections involving many organs. The extensive use of antimicrobials in humans and animals has led to an increase in multidrug resistance among several bacterial strains. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains have been among the major public health concerns worldwide, while sea food, chickens, and fish are known to be important reservoirs of Salmonella spp. The incidence of resistance to antibiotics of bacteria originating from food animals or retail meat is on the a 2014 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc
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