Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B variant Java sequence type 28 is prevalent in poultry and poultry meat. We investigated the evolutionary relatedness between sequence type 28 strains from Europe and Latin America using time-resolved phylogeny and principal component analysis. We sequenced isolates from Colombia, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and the Netherlands and complemented them with publicly available genomes from Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Phylogenetic time trees and effective population sizes (Ne) showed separate clustering of strains from Latin America and Europe. The separation is estimated to have occurred during the 1980s. Ne of strains increased sharply in Europe around 1995 and in Latin America around 2005. Principal component analysis on noncore genes showed a clear distinction between strains from Europe and Latin America, whereas the plasmid gene content was similar. Regardless of the evolutionary separation, similar features of resistance to β-lactams and quinolones/fluoroquinolones indicated parallel evolution of antimicrobial resistance in both regions.
Highlights
The d-Tartrate fermenting, nonparatyphoidal variant of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B, contemporarily known as variant Java, was first reported in 1935 by De Moor [1]
Java ST28 Most of the strains from poultry that we sequenced from Colombia (48/52), Costa Rica (15/15), Guatemala (4/5), and the Netherlands (17/17) belonged to ST28 (Table)
Nonbroiler strains from a fish product and a turkey in the Netherlands and 1 from a pig carcass in Costa Rica belonged to ST28
Summary
The d-Tartrate fermenting, nonparatyphoidal variant of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B, contemporarily known as variant Java, was first reported in 1935 by De Moor [1]. Since 1990, reports of human infections increased in Europe [5,6,7,8,9,10], North America [11,12,13,14,15], and Australia [16,17]. Java ST28, and other Salmonella serovars known to cause infections in humans, such as Heidelberg and Enteritidis [25] In these regards, poultry-associated ST28 is of public health concern because it can be a reservoir of antimicrobial. Java ST28 circulating in Latin America [31] Further investigation of this hypothesis could help identify potential events in poultry management (e.g., farming and trade) leading to the emergence and successful spread of Salmonella Paratyphi B var. Java ST28 from Europe and Latin America using WGSbased phylogenetic and temporal analysis
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