Abstract
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections are a global health challenge resulting from human contact with infected animals and contaminated farm environments. This study aims to identify antimicrobial resistance patterns of ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from dairy farms in the Sleman District of Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia. Ninety-three dairy farms with a history of antibiotic use in the previous 6 months were identified. Samples were collected from 6 different sources (feces, milk, wastewater, animal drinking water, feed and rinses of workers’ hands) on each farm during August through November 2020. These samples were cultured with conventional microbiological methods for the isolation of ESBL-producing E. coli. ESBL-producing E. coli was identified in one or more of the sources in 54% (50/93) of the dairy farms sampled. Fecal samples were the most commonly positive (25%) while wastewater, animal drinking water feed, milk and hand rinses were positive at 16%, 10%, 5%, 4% and 3% respectively. Colonies from each positive sample were screened for antibiotic susceptibility test using the Vitek-2 system. Resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and gentamicin were found in 74%, 63% and 48% of the isolates, respectively. Multidrug resistant (MDR) was identified in 50% (63/127) of the isolates. In conclusion, ESBL-producing E. coli appears widespread in dairy farms using antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance among these bacteria is common in this study area. Further study of the risk of human transmission from contaminated cattle and their environments could benefit the national antimicrobial resistance strategic plans.
Highlights
The demand of milk consumption in Indonesia is increasing about 1.5% per year
In order to provide information for the national surveillance system, this study aims to detect Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli contamination on dairy farms and its antimicrobial resistance patterns
Our results showed that the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli and AMR in various types of samples reflect the complexity of this situation in terms of potential routes for zoonotic transmission
Summary
The demand of milk consumption in Indonesia is increasing about 1.5% per year. Increasing dairy production is one of the Indonesian government’s agricultural development goals (Priyanti and Soedjana, 2015). Total fresh milk production in Indonesia was 947,685 tons/year in 2020. Yogyakarta Province had the fourth largest fresh milk production in Indonesia with supply 6% of total milk production (DGLAHS, 2020). E. coli is the most likely of the Enterobacteriaceae to produce the Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) enzyme which is an indicator of antimicrobial resistance. Several types of ESBL arise by mutations and can transmit resistance genes for many different antimicrobials (Ghafourian et al, 2015; Lee et al, 2012). ESBL-producing E. coli is most frequently detected resistant microbe within ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae worldwide and causes high human mortality (Russo et al, 2021)
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