Antimicrobial Resistance and Associated Risk Factors of Gram-Negative Bacterial Bloodstream Infections in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa.

Abstract

BackgroundBloodstream infections (BSIs) are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia and worldwide. Alarming is the rapid global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria.ObjectiveTo determine the microbial profile, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated risk factors for bloodstream infections in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) Addis Ababa Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2018 and March 2019. Blood collected twice from each septicemia suspected patient were processed following standard bacteriological procedures. AST was performed by using the disk diffusion test according to CLSI 2017 and 2018 guidelines. Data captured in Epidata were cleaned and analyzed by SPSS version 21 software.ResultsThe prevalence of BSI was 28.06% and a higher proportion of pathogene detected were gram-negative bacteria (GNB) (54.5%) and gram-positive bacteria (GPB) (45.43%). The most abundant bacterial species were Klebsiella pneumoniae 17.6%, CoNS 15.2%, and Acinetobacter spp 11.0%. Culture positivity was associated with age below 6 years, neonates AOR p=<0.001, infants AOR p=<0.001, Pre-school P=0.002, ICU admission COR p=<0.001, length of admission >5 days COR P=0.016, temperature greater than 38°C, AOR p=0.013, instrument usage during medical care AOR, p=<0.001, chronic illness AOR p=0.027, and neonatal incubation AOR p=0.013. GNB average drug resistance rate was 57.9% of the commonly used antibiotics and the most efficient and inefficient drugs were amikacin (10.8%) and ampicillin (94.6%). The gram-negative isolates showed a 95.3% rate of multi-drug resistance; and MDR, XDR, and PDR were observed at 55.8%, 32.2%, and 7.3%, of isolates respectively. This finding shows children especially neonates were highly affected by drug resistant BSI.ConclusionPediatric patients and ICU patients are more affected by BSI, and drug-resistant bacteria are a major problem. Therefore, appropriate intervention approaches need to be implemented.