Abstract
BackgroundIn spite of the evident general negative effects of armed conflict on countries’ health systems and populations’ health outcomes, little is known about similar impacts of conflicts on the spread of antimicrobial resistances (AMR). This review was to address this evidence gap and describe:Patterns of AMR in the Middle East (ME) and resistance profiles of pathogens included in the Global AMR Surveillance System (GLASS) supported by the World Health Organization;Differences in proportions of AMR isolates between conflict and non-conflict countries.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and searching five electronic databases. Subject heading and free text were searched for “antimicrobial resistances” and “Middle East”, to identify observational studies on AMR published from January 2011 to June 2018. Data were extracted from included articles on a predefined set of variables. Percentages of AMR were analysed as median and interquartile ranges. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.ResultsA total of 132 articles met the inclusion criteria. Included studies showed heterogeneity in study design, laboratory methods and standards for interpretation of results, and an overall high risk of bias. Main findings were the following:High proportions of carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter spp. (median 74.2%), and both carbapenem resistance (median 8.1 and 15.4% for E. coli and K. pneumoniae respectively) and ESBL-production (median 32.3 and 27.9% for E. coli and K. pneumoniae respectively) amongst Enterobacteriaceae. S. aureus isolates showed a median methicillin resistance percentage of 45.1%, while vancomycin resistance was almost absent. A median of 50% of the strains of S. pneumoniae showed non-susceptibility to penicillin.Similar trends were observed in conflict and non-conflict affected countries.ConclusionsThere is a lack of standardization in the methodological approach to AMR research in the Middle East. The proportion of antibiotic resistances among specific GLASS pathogens is high, particularly among Acinetobacter spp.
Highlights
In spite of the evident general negative effects of armed conflict on countries’ health systems and populations’ health outcomes, little is known about similar impacts of conflicts on the spread of antimicrobial resistances (AMR)
There is a lack of standardization in the methodological approach to AMR research in the Middle East
Based on the findings described in this systematic review, the first aspect that emerges is the clear lack of standardization in the methodological approach to AMR research in the Middle East, which hinders any possibility of drawing conclusions on the incidence or prevalence of specific resistance patterns at population level in the Middle East
Summary
In spite of the evident general negative effects of armed conflict on countries’ health systems and populations’ health outcomes, little is known about similar impacts of conflicts on the spread of antimicrobial resistances (AMR). Since 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO) called for joining efforts in addressing the growing threat of AMR [1], following the pioneer example of the Pan-American Health Organization in establishing a surveillance network at regional level [2]. It was not until 2009–2010 that other regional action plans and surveillance systems were put in place, with such actions taking place initially in high income countries [3, 4]. The global call against AMR has found echo in many regions since with the progressive establishment of harmonized surveillance systems in Eastern Europe and Central Asia [8], and thourough situation analysis conducted in the South East Asia WHO Region [9]
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