Abstract
We investigated antimicrobial residues, non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), Vibrio spp. and their associated antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in shrimps locally purchased in Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam). In addition, we investigated the relationship between AMR in NTS, Vibrio spp. and antimicrobial residue in the same sample. A total of 40 samples of shrimp heads/shells from different retail sources was cultured using ISO 6579–1:2017 (NTS) and ISO/TS 21872–1:2007 (Vibrio spp.). Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility was investigated using Vitek (NTS, 34 antimicrobials) and disk diffusion (Vibrio spp., 12 antimicrobials). A total of 9 (22.5%) samples contained antimicrobial residue, including tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides and macrolides (in 7.5%, 7.5%, 2.5% and 2.5% of samples, respectively). Shrimp samples from supermarkets had a higher prevalence of antimicrobial residue than those purchased in street markets (50% vs. 13.3%) (p = 0.049). A total of 30 (75%) samples were contaminated with NTS. All samples contained Vibrio spp., with V. parahaemolyticus being most common (87.5% samples). A total of 58.9% NTS isolates were multidrug resistant. With regards to the highest priority, critically important antimicrobials, the highest resistance corresponded to quinolones (14.4–47.8%), followed by 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (3.3–7.8%). Vibrio spp. isolates were characterised by their high resistance against ampicillin (82.7%) and 3rd generation cephalosporins (8.3–16.5%). Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) activity was detected in 28.1% V. parahaemolyticus isolates. Half of ESBL-positive V. parahaemolyticus strains harboured blaCTX-M1. We found an association between the presence of residues and the number of resistances for NTS (p = 0.075) and Vibrio spp. isolates (p = 0.093) from the same sample. These findings suggest that the presence of residues may contribute to the selection of AMR in foodborne pathogens in shrimps. Authorities should strengthen policies aiming at restricting inappropriate antimicrobial usage in shrimp farming, and step up monitoring of antimicrobial residues and food-borne pathogens at retail in Vietnam.
Highlights
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to our society (O'Neill, 2016)
This study evidenced a high prevalence of contamination of shrimp samples with antimicrobial residues (22.5%), non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) (75%), and Vibrio spp. (100%)
This result is in line with a previous survey of shrimps from local markets in the Red River and Mekong Delta regions of Vietnam (13.0% and 33.3%, respectively) (Pham et al, 2015), but higher than previous results reported from the Vietnamese provinces of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Thai Binh and Nha Trang (8.8, 1.8 and 3.2%, respectively) (Uchida et al, 2016)
Summary
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to our society (O'Neill, 2016). In recent years shrimp farming has rapidly increased, reaching a global production of 3.2 million metric tons in 2017, much of it taking place in Asia (Anon., 2018). This increase is happening in a context of rapid globalization of markets, as well as the threat of climate change (Lauria et al, 2018). Contamination of aquaculture food products with antimicrobial residues represents a potential health hazard to the consumer due to food poisoning, the development of allergy problems, changes of the intestinal flora, as well as the emergence and subsequent spread of antimicrobial resistance (Okocha, Olatoye, & Adedeji, 2018)
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