Abstract
In recent years, due to the dramatic increase in and global spread of bacterial resistance to a number of commonly used antibacterial agents, many studies have been directed at investigating drugs whose primary therapeutic purpose is not antimicrobial action. In an era where it is becoming increasingly difficult to find new antimicrobial drugs, it is important to understand these antimicrobial effects and their potential clinical implications. Numerous studies report the antibacterial activity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local anaesthetics, phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine, levomepromazine, promethazine, trifluoperazine, methdilazine and thioridazine, antidepressants, antiplatelets and statins. Several studies have explored a possible protective effect of statins inreducing the morbidity and mortality of many infectious diseases. Various non-antibiotic agents exhibit antimicrobial activity via multiple and different mechanisms of action. Further studies are required in the field to further investigate these antimicrobial properties in different populations. This is of paramount importance in the antimicrobial resistance era, where clinicians have limited therapeutic options to combat problematic infections.
Highlights
The increase in antimicrobial resistance is a major health problem worldwide
Ibuprofen can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, because, at a very low concentration (0.002 mg/mL), it decreases the adhesion of E. coli to uroepithelial cells
Its antimicrobial activity against coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Esherichia coli, and Proteus spp. [8,9], has been evaluated.Bupivacaine at concentrations used in epidural anaesthesia inhibited the growth of both gram(+) and gram(−) microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant
Summary
The increase in antimicrobial resistance is a major health problem worldwide. Recent discoveries of plasmid-transferable genes that mediate resistance to carbapenems and colistin indicate that the last defensive wall against multi-drug-resistant pathogens has already been breached [1]. Due to the dramatic increase in and global spread of bacterial resistance to a number of commonly used antibacterial agents, many studies have been directed at investigating drugs whose primary therapeutic purpose is not antimicrobial action [2]. Drug classes such as neuroleptics, antihistamines, antidepressants, antiplatelets and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have a greater or lesser degree of broad-spectrum antibacterial activity [2]. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the latest literature in the field
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