Abstract
Bio-based, renewable and biodegradable products with multifunctional properties are also becoming basic trends in the textile sector. In this frame, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have been surface modified with hexamethylenediamine/HMDA and used as an antimicrobial additive to a ring-spun viscose yarn. The CNF-HMDA suspension was first characterized in relation to its skin irritation potential, antimicrobial properties, and technical performance (dispersability and suspensability in different media) to optimize its sprayability on a viscose fiber sliver with the lowest sticking, thus to enable its spinning without flowing and tearing problems. The impact of CNF-HMDA content has been examined on the yarn`s fineness, tensile strength, surface chemistry, wettability and antimicrobial properties. The yarn`s antimicrobial properties were increasing with the content of CNF-HMDA, given a 99% reduction for S. aureus and C. albicans (log 1.6–2.1) in up to 3 h of exposure at minimum 33 mg/g, and for E. coli (log 0.69–2.95) at 100 mg/g of its addition, yielding 45–21% of bactericidal efficacy. Such an effect is related to homogeneously distributed CNF-HMDA when sprayed from a fast-evaporated bi-polar medium and using small (0.4 mm) nozzle opennings, thus giving a high positive charge (0.663 mmol/g) without affecting the yarn`s tenacity and fineness, but improving its wettability. However, a non-ionic surfactant being used in the durability testing of functionalized yarn to 10-washing cycles, adheres onto it hydrophobically via the methylene chain of the HMDA, thus blocking its amino groups, and, as such, decreasing its antibacterial efficiency, which was slightly affected in the case when the washing was carried out without using it.
Highlights
An awareness of general sanitation, contact disease transmission and personal protection, has led to the development of antimicrobial finished fibers for controlling infection by microbes, thereby protecting the wearers (Gokarnshan et al 2017), as well as the textile itself against the spread of bacteria and diseases
The effect of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs)-HMDA dispersibility in fast-volatile mediums was analyzed by Zeta-Potential (ZP) and size-distribution values, as well as by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging of samples sprayed on Aluminum foil
In order to identify the charge contribution from CNF and HMDA on dispersibility, the CNF suspension was analyzed by potentiometric titration after different modification steps (Fig. 2), i.e. the oxidation (1st step) with sodium periodate (NaIO4), forming a pair of aldehyde groups (CNF-ald) by cleaving the C2–C3 bond of anhydro-glucopyranoside ring, and the binding of HMDA (2nd step) through a Schiff-base reaction, yielding CNFs to dialdehyde (CNF-ald)-HMDA
Summary
An awareness of general sanitation, contact disease transmission and personal protection, has led to the development of antimicrobial finished fibers for controlling infection by microbes, thereby protecting the wearers (Gokarnshan et al 2017), as well as the textile itself against the spread of bacteria and diseases. Due to general eco- (Adams et al 2006) and biotoxic concern related to the usage of nanoparticles, causing side effects or antimicrobial resistance, as well as the reusing ability of textiles being finished with non-biodegradable/compostable polymers, the use of natural agents, such as plant-derived extracts (Upadhyay et al 2014; Ganesan et al, 2015; Vastrad and Byadgi 2018; El-Shafei et al 2018) and animalderived chitosan (Lim and Hudson 2003; Dumont et al 2018), has become atrractive non-allergic and non-toxic textile finishing, bringing an absorbency and moisture control Such antimicrobial agents are applied to the textile substrates by exhausting (Ali Elshafei & El-Zanfaly 2011; Ganesan and Vardhini 2015), padding (Xu et al 2018; Rajendra et al 2010), spraying (Sataev et al 2014; Jahani et al 2018) or foam coating (Song et al 2013; Nayak & Padhye 2015), providing a uniform film on the surface as a mono or multi-layer assembly process (Hui & Debiemme-Chouvy 2013; Ugur et al 2016; Chen et al 2016), being attached by a physical or chemical approach using, e.g., click (Sun et al 2019), polymerization-graft (Hui and Debiemme-Chouvy 2013; He et al 2016) and sol–gel (Camlibel and Arik 2017; Poli et al 2015; Mahltig and Textor 2010; Liu et al 2012) chemistry approach, or UV irradiation In that frame, electrospinning has become an attractive process enabling production of antimicrobial nanofiber nets by using versatile polymers and additives, to be applied in biomedicine (Agarwal et al 2012; Rieger and Schiffman 2014; Sridhar et al 2015; Pajoumshariati et al 2016), wound dressings (Suganya et al 2011; Khan et al 2019) and protective textiles (Kampeerapappun 2012; Gorji et al 2017; Teli et al 2017)
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