Antimicrobial properties and use of star anise

Abstract

Introduction: Star anise (Illicium verum, Schisandraceae) is a Chinese native evergreen tree with wide uses in medicine, perfumery, culinary and other fields. The star-shaped fruit, along with the seeds, has shown to have various pharmacological properties such as carminative, stimulant, diuretic, antirheumatic, antioxi-dant, analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral. Aim: In the wake of a worldwide antibiotic resistance epidemic it is important to explore various sources of antibiotic alternatives. The aim of this report is to examine the diverse properties of star anise, describe its current use and suggest further research into its potent qualities. Materials and Methods: Gathering and systematizing of information using various research papers from around the world. Results: The properties are attributed to the numerous compounds including essential oil, polyphenols, anthocianins, tannins and phenolic acids. Around 90% of the world‘s star anise crop is used for extraction of shikimic acid, a primary precursor in the pharmaceutical synthesis of anti-influenza drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu®). Numerous in vitro studies have shown that extracts from the fruit of star anise show antimicrobial activity against infamous pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus. A study reports that crude extract of star anise is also active against some of the most common fish pathogens and could be used instead of antibiotics to treat fish. Conclusions: These facts could serve useful by diminishing the antibiotic overuse and thus help against the development of antibiotic resistant “superbugs”.