Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis is a host-adapted, facultative, intracellular pathogen that causes swine paratyphoid. Its antimicrobial resistance presents a challenge to feed manufacturing industries. However, stopping antibiotics in animal feed would have economic implications for the industry. Conventional microbial methods for isolation and identification of S. Choleraesuis were employed. The isolates were subjected to screening against 17 antimicrobial agents and genotyping of resistance markers by PCR. The data were then analyzed and presented in percentages. Phenotypically, 43 out of 95 isolates showed multidrug resistance. Among the 17 antibiotics tested, resistance was observed as follows: sulphonamides (45.2%), nalidixic acid (44.25%), tetracycline (42%), ampicillin (36.8%), erythromycin (34.7%), carbenicillin (31.5%), chrolamphenical (28.4%), gentamicin (27.3%), kanamycin (24.2%), spectinomycin (21%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (16.8%), streptomycin (12.6%), cephalothion (8.4%), ofloxacin (5.2%), ciprofloxacin (4.2%), and norfloxacin (4.2%). Fifty-two isolates were susceptible to the antimicrobial agents tested. A total of 3.1% of the isolates had the integron gene pattern combination of dfrA2-aadA2 (2100 bp), dfrA12 (2100 bp); 4.2% had dfrA12-aadA2-sulI (2100 bp); 2.1% had dfrA12-aadA2 (2100 bp); and 1% had dfrA2-aadA2-sulI (2100 bp), oxa1-aadA2 (1500 bp), dfrA12-aadA2-sulI, and blaPSE (2100 bp). The isolated S. Choleraesuis were resistant to more than 10% of the antimicrobial agents used in this study. Appropriate surveillance is warranted to gain more information about the epidemiology, as stopping antibiotics in animal feed would have economic implications for the industry.
Highlights
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis is a host-adapted, facultative, intracellular pathogen that causes swine paratyphoid
To explore the roles of clonal expansion and horizontal gene transfer in the dissemination of antimicrobial drug resistance caused by class 1 integrons, we investigated the integron structure and serotypes of 95 MDR non-typhoidal S. enterica isolates from swine in western Kenya
Category E had the highest number of strains that displayed a broad antimicrobial resistance spectrum; these strains were resistant to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and sulfonamides (n = 8)
Summary
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis is a host-adapted, facultative, intracellular pathogen that causes swine paratyphoid. Its antimicrobial resistance presents a challenge to feed manufacturing industries. Choleraesuis were resistant to more than 10% of the antimicrobial agents used in this study. It has been reported that, as a result of a high degree of genetic diversity, all Salmonella isolates can be classified into a single species S. Choleraesuis has been reported to be host-adapted and most commonly isolated from swine [4]. Choleraesuis isolated from humans and swine exhibit the same or similar DNA fingerprints, an indication of cross-infection from pigs to humans through food, water, or eating of pigs’ offal by the local population. Studies in Canada and the United Kingdom show that serotype Choleraesuis is infrequently isolated from human sources [7,8,9]. In Thailand between 1988 and 1993, Onyango et al – Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in swine
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