Antimicrobial Prescription Habits among Community Pharmacists and Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors in Nigeria: A Rational Use of Drugs Survey

Abstract

Introduction Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) poses a global health threat, exacerbated by the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. The need to investigate knowledge, attitudes, and practices among Community Pharmacists (CPs) and Patent and Proprietary Medicine Vendors (PPMVs) in Nigeria cannot be overemphasized. This study addresses the gaps in understanding antimicrobial dispensing practices among CPs and PPMVs in Nigeria. Materials/Methods A Community-based Antimicrobial Stewardship survey was conducted across five Nigerian states. A total of 384 PPMVs and 135 CPs were interviewed using a well-structured questionnaire covering demographic information, knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antimicrobial use. The survey utilized descriptive statistics, and the data were analyzed to identify strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities in addressing AMR. Results The study revealed inadequate knowledge regarding AMR among both PPMVs and CPs. Despite educational backgrounds, a significant proportion believed antibiotics were the best treatment for fever and diarrhea. Dispensing practices included selling antibiotics without prescriptions and, in some cases, dispensing medicines by proxy. The Safety Net Protocol, involving patient education and follow-up, was often neglected by both PPMVs and CPs. Conclusion The findings underscore the importance of enhancing knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to antimicrobial prescription among PPMVs and CPs in Nigeria. Regulatory authorities should enforce strict guidelines to curb non-prescription antibiotic sales. Patient education and follow-up initiatives should be prioritized to mitigate AMR risks. In order to develop strategies to improve antimicrobial dispensing practices we recommend the following: AMR education for PPMVs and CPs, Enforce rules to prevent antibiotic sales without prescriptions through regulatory compliance, public awareness on antibiotic risks and prescription importance, implement Safety Net Protocol for post-purchase education to prevent antibiotic misuse and provision of ongoing professional development for PPMVs and CPs with updated practices that will sustain learning.