Abstract
In recent years the rapid emergence of drug resistant microorganisms has become a major health problem worldwide. The number of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria is in a rapid increase. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agent that is active against MDR. Among the possible candidates, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent a promising alternative. Many AMPs candidates were in clinical development and the Nisin was approved in many food products. Exact mechanism of AMPs action has not been fully elucidated. More comprehensive of the mechanism of action provide a path towards overcoming the toxicity limitation. This chapter is a review that provides an overview of bacterial AMPs named bacteriocin, focusing on their diverse mechanism of action. We develop here the structure–function relationship of many AMPs. A good understanding of AMPS structure–function relationship can helps the scientific in the conception of new active AMPs by the evaluation of the role of each residue and the determination of the essential amino acids for activity. This feature helps the development of the second-generation AMPs with high potential antimicrobial activity and more.
Highlights
The routinely use of antibiotics decreased their efficiency and allowed bacteria to adapt to antibiotics, resulting in the emergence and rapid propagation of resistant bacterial strain [1]
Bacteria are known to be a good producer of antimicrobial agents [8] such as lipopeptides, glycopeptides cyclic peptides and Antimicrobial Peptides natural peptides named as bacteriocins [9–11]
Increased interest has been shown in bacteriocin, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by bacteria, the one produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) [90]
Summary
The routinely use of antibiotics decreased their efficiency and allowed bacteria to adapt to antibiotics, resulting in the emergence and rapid propagation of resistant bacterial strain [1] This feature is a serious health and economic problem, leading to increased rates of morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial infections caused by multi resistant bacteria [2] such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) or MDR [3–5]. A large variety of bacteriocins have been identified, and some bacteria can produce bacteriocins with activity against MDR bacteria [16] This broad collection of antimicrobial molecules allows many biotechnological, industrial and pharmaceutical applications [17]. Nisin is the only bacteriocin that have been legally approved by the world health organization (WHO) and by the food and drug administration (FDA) for human use as a food preservative, and it has been given a generally-regarded-as-safe (GRAS) designation by the FDA [17] It is safe for human consumption and is not toxic to animals. A library of synthetic bacteriocin variants served as a tool; to recognize key residues responsible for activity and could continue to inspire the development of new therapeutic agents [27]
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