Abstract
Even in a natural ecosystem, plants are continuously threatened by various microbial diseases. To save themselves from these diverse infections, plants build a robust, multilayered immune system through their natural chemical compounds. Among the several crucial bioactive compounds possessed by plants’ immune systems, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) rank in the first tier. These AMPs are environmentally friendly, anti-pathogenic, and do not bring harm to humans. Antimicrobial peptides can be isolated in several ways, but recombinant protein production has become increasingly popular in recent years, with the Escherichia coli expression system being the most widely used. However, the efficacy of this expression system is compromised due to the difficulty of removing endotoxin from its system. Therefore, this review suggests a high-throughput cDNA library-based plant-derived AMP isolation technique using the Bacillus subtilis expression system. This method can be performed for large-scale screening of plant sources to classify unique or homologous AMPs for the agronomic and applied field of plant studies. Furthermore, this review also focuses on the efficacy of plant AMPs, which are dependent on their numerous modes of action and exceptional structural stability to function against a wide range of invaders. To conclude, the findings from this study will be useful in investigating how novel AMPs are distributed among plants and provide detailed guidelines for an effective screening strategy of AMPs.
Highlights
To determine how the novel peptides affect the outer layers of bacteria, we investigated the microscopic alterations that occur in pathogenic organisms as a result of treatment with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) under various conditions
Significant advances in the decoding of the plant immune system’s genetic and molecular basis have helped researchers envision a theoretical model of how the plant perceives a challenging environment produced by a microbial attack and eventually converts it into an ideal defense mechanism
The ubiquitous existence of these tiny compounds among plant species is demonstrated by the fact that they offer quick, effective, and long-lasting immunity against a wide variety of pathogens. Because of their importance in proving that plants thrive in natural environments and their tremendous skill in agronomy and pharmacy, plant AMPs have become an intensively studied subject
Summary
Upregulation of various AMPs is a common scenario, which operates directly through its intricate signaling pathways such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns triggered immunity (PAMPs-PTI), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) [20,21] These AMPs play a significant role in a signaling cascade that prevents the infection/attack of foreign microbes. Accept it and help in the transcriptional reprogramming process that gives AMPs enough space to take immunological actions to destroy pathogenic microbes During this time, plant AMPs can modulate their immunological reaction and act to the types of microbial attack [22,23].
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